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Tor Bandwidth Measurements Document Format
by juga 17 Apr '18

17 Apr '18

Hi, as commented with teor and pastly, i send in-line a draft specification for the document format that the bandwidth scanner implementations should produce. I've left my own questions/notes in square brackets. Thanks, juga. ======================================= Tor Bandwidth Measurements Document Format [juga: which name should we give to this document?] 1. Scope and preliminaries This document describes the format of Tor's bandwidth measurements document, version X.X.X [juga: which version should be this?] and later. Since Tor version X.X.X [juga: which tor version?] the directory authorities use the bandwidth measurements document called "V3BandwidthsFile" and produced by Torflow [1] (format described in README.spec.txt [2]). The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. 1.2. Acknowledgements The original bandwidth measurement scanner (Torflow) and format was created by mike. Teor suggested to write this specification while contributing on pastly's new bandwidth scanner implementation. This specification was revised after feedback from: XXX 1.3 Outline The bandwidth measurements mentioned in sections 3.4.1 and 3.4.2 of dir-spec.txt [3] are obtained by bandwidth authorities, which are either directory authorities or other servers running bandwidth measurement scanners and sending the results to the former. [juga: it seems that bandwidth authorities have not been formally before] 2. Format details Bandwidth measurements MUST contain the following sections: - Header (exactly once) - Relays measurements (zero or more times) Each section (or entry) ends with a separator. 2.1. Nonterminals The following nonterminals are defined in the Onionoo details document specification [4]: fingerprint nickname In the bandwidth measurement documents nickname is optional. The following nonterminals are defined in the in dir-spec.txt: NL (newline) SP (space) "bw" = INT, the aggregated measured bandwidth of this relay, in kilobytes per second. We introduce the following nonterminals: [juga: this should probably be defined more formally and should probably link to other documents, which ones?] "version" = The name and the version of the bandwidth scannner software, such as "sbws 0.1.0". The name of the software, if absent, is assumed to be "torflow". [juga: which should be the version if absent?] "timestamp" = INT, the Unix Epoch time when the file was created. 2.2. Header format It MUST consists of: "timestamp" timestamp NL "version" version NL 2.3. Relay measurements format Relays measurements MUST consist of the following items. "node_id" fingerprint SP "bw" bandwidth SP When there are no more items, the "bw" item ends with NL instead of SP. 2.4. Optional extra items Different implementations of the bandwidth measurements scanners MAY include other items per relay. For instance, sbws includes: "rtt" = INT, Round Trip Time (to obtain 1B) Every relay measurement in sbws consists of: "node_id" fingerprint SP "bw" bandwidth SP "nick=" nickname SP "rtt=" rtt SP "time=" timestamp NL Every relay measurement in Torflow consists of: "node_id" fingerprint SP "bw" bandwidth SP "nick=" nickname SP "measured_at=" slice timestamp NL The "measured_at" does not correspond to the "time" in sbws. [juga: actually, if bwauths use "measured_at", then the code on them or sbws should be changed]. Torflow includes other items that are out of the scope of this document. References: 1. https://gitweb.torproject.org/torflow.git 2. https://gitweb.torproject.org/torflow.git/tree/NetworkScanners/BwAuthority/… 3. https://gitweb.torproject.org/torspec.git/tree/dir-spec.txt 4. https://metrics.torproject.org/onionoo.html#details A. Sample data A.1. Torflow 1523911758 node_id=$68A483E05A2ABDCA6DA5A3EF8DB5177638A27F80 bw=392760 nick=Test measured_at=1523911725 updated_at=1523911725 pid_error=4.11374090719 pid_error_sum=4.11374090719 pid_bw=57136645 pid_delta=2.12168374577 circ_fail=0.2 scanner=/filepath A.2. sbws 1523911758 version=0.1.0 node_id=$68A483E05A2ABDCA6DA5A3EF8DB5177638A27F80 bw=392760 nick=Test rtt=380 time=1523911725

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Hogging of second_elapsed_callback()
by Linus Nordberg 15 Apr '18

15 Apr '18

Hi, How long time can we spend signing status documents before tor gets sad? I ask because I'm planning on putting dirauth signing keys on a sloooooow HSM and would like to understand if I'd have to make format_networkstatus_vote() and networkstatus_compute_consensus() (and their callers) be "restartable", much like dirvote_act() is "restartable". Current measurements indicate a worst case figure of 6.5 seconds for a hashing and signing operation. This may even increase some over time. (It may also shrink considerably with some optimisations but this is where we are today.)

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Notes from 12 April 2018 Simple Bandwidth Scanner Meeting
by Matt Traudt 13 Apr '18

13 Apr '18

See below for the pad notes. Next meeting is scheduled 19 April 2018 at 2200 UTC in #tor-meeting. (This one was held in #tor-dev, but we should use meetbot). ------------- Simple Bandwidth Scanner meeting 12 April 2018 #### Updates/Status messages #### pastly: What's on my plate? <- doesn't have to be all in your plate :P - Test coverage getting closer to 100% - Immediate future: switch to standard python logging module, which is quite good - Improving documentation - Checking results against torflow - Monitor CPU of sbws client/server - +1 on considering asyncio - See how chutney generates random strings - Run testnet authority - Reach out to current auths about running sbws/torflow and adding me as an auth juga: - open/close PRs/issues about things to improve in doc, refactor code, etc..., but not changing functionality - re. doc: - thought to update sbws spec (or create other) to doc differences with Torflow, not sure it's useful - i'd document further some of the classes/functions (as measure_relay) - code doc vs spec (see below) - find box to run other sbws, bwauth also in testnet? ## Topic: what is still missing for milestone 1? (aka 1st release, v1.0.0) - could we create all tickets needed to achive it? - maybe previous list is enough? Missing: - A consensus parameter stating the scaling factor - sbws config option to set fallback if no consensus param - `sbws generate` code to use the consensus param - https://stem.torproject.org/api/descriptor/networkstatus.html#stem.descript… - Correlation coefficient on comparision graphs ## Topic: comparing to torflow tah - Can we make the test sbws deployment a little bigger? - What else needs to be compared? teor: actually running it in a voting network, to check the feedback loop (if any) the scaling - Conclusions after comparing? - what we could think to change/improve after comparing? Graphs pastly can explain: - sbws vs moria, sorted by sbws: https://share.riseup.net/#-W_zqcv-08AX4SnOgTatUw - sorted by moria: https://share.riseup.net/#URXp6NccZHEhOPFJQcfO4w teor: the correlation seems good here If we're going to use these charts to compare, please compare two existing bwauths See: https://share.riseup.net/#lPGcIrgHp3ftnvTHUKqOKg (but ignore the sbws-scaled line, it's wrong wrong wrong) ## Topic: convincing people to run sbws juga: maybe something to do when 1st sbws release? pastly: yes, probalby. unless we need to convince testnet people <- ah, right i was thinking on the Tor net ## Topic: status of open sourcing sbws - No real update. Time is still passing. ## Topic: specifications torflow/BwAuthority: https://gitweb.torproject.org/torflow.git/tree/NetworkScanners/BwAuthority/…, https://ohmygodel.com/publications/peerflow-popets2017.pdf has a section that also makes a nice summary sbws: https://github.com/pastly/simple-bw-scanner/blob/master/docs/source/specifi… (ask Pastly for access) bwscanner: no spec, but reading https://github.com/TheTorProject/bwscanner/blob/develop/bwscanner/circuit.p… it looks like a Torflow clone <- almost :) We need a spec for the v3bw file that tor reads (in torspec/dir-spec.txt) We need a spec for bwauth migration, including acceptance criteria for new bwauth implementations Scanners should have their own detailed design documents

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Consensus-health single-relay data
by Tom Ritter 07 Apr '18

07 Apr '18

teor suggested the other day that it'd be really useful to be able to see the vote data for a single relay; since the _entire_ detailed page is huge and unwieldy. I've been pondering how I could support this without complicating the server, which results in a few constraints: a) I really don't want to create one file per-relay b) I really don't want to make any server-side logic, I'd like to keep it as static HTML and client-side javascript. (With the client-side javascript optional for most of the information.) I think I can make something work using AJAX and Range requests though. Before I fly forward with that though, I wanted to understand a bit more about the use cases where one wants to see per-relay vote data. The biggest question I have for you teor (and anyone else who wants to chime in) is how do you know what relay you want the information for? Do you know the fingerprint? If so, I could try adding a text box at the bottom of the index page saying "Supply a fingerprint, and I will populate vote data for this relay inline". -tom

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[release] [protocol] Onionoo 5.2-1.12.0
by iwakeh 06 Apr '18

06 Apr '18

Hi there! Onionoo's protocol was extended and has a minor version jump to 5.2. Reminder:there will be a major *upcoming version* jump 6.0 after April 14, 2018. Take note of the field "next_major_version_scheduled" in documents. Download available at: https://dist.torproject.org/onionoo/5.2-1.12.0/ Protocol changes (also summarized in [0]): There is now a 'version_status' field, which is the status of the Tor software version of this relay based on the versions recommended by the directory authorities [1]. Operational changes: In order to always provide 'fresh' data Onionoo now fetches descriptors from both CollecTor instances and won't be affected as much anymore when one CollecTor instance is not reachable. For more please take a look at the change log [3]. The changes are already deployed on all onionoo.torproject.org instances. Please direct comments and questions to the metrics-team mailing list [3]. Cheers, iwakeh [0] https://metrics.torproject.org/onionoo.html#versions_5_2 [1] https://metrics.torproject.org/onionoo.html#details_relay_version_status https://metrics.torproject.org/onionoo.html#details_bridge_version_status [2] https://gitweb.torproject.org/onionoo.git/plain/CHANGELOG.md [3] https://lists.torproject.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/metrics-team

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The case for Tor-over-QUIC
by Mike Perry 02 Apr '18

02 Apr '18

In Rome, I held a session about network protocol upgrades. My intent was to cover the switch to two guards, conflux, datagram transports, and QUIC. We ended up touching only briefly on everything but QUIC, but we went into enough depth on QUIC itself that it was a worthwhile and very productive session. Our notes are here: https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/org/meetings/2018Rome/Notes/F… I wanted to give a bit of background and some historical perspective about datagram transports for Tor, as well as explain those notes in long form, to get everybody on the same page about this idea. With the forthcoming IETF standard ratification of QUIC along with several solid reference implementations (canonical list: https://github.com/quicwg/base-drafts/wiki/Implementations) I believe we are close to the point where we can finally put together a plan (and a funding proposal) to undertake this work. Consider this mail a pre-proposal to temperature check and solicit early feedback about a Tor-over-QUIC deployment, before we invest the effort to deep dive into the framing, protocol, and implementation details that will be necessary for a full proposal. # Historical Background So, first: Tor has been considering UDP transports for a long time. There have been a series of research papers on the topic, dating back to Proposal 100 -- the very first Tor proposal: https://gitweb.torproject.org/torspec.git/tree/proposals/100-tor-spec-udp.t… That proposal only examines adding an unreliable DTLS link between relays, to enable transmission of unreliable (UDP) traffic end-to-end. Despite being marked as Dead, it is a good conceptual starting point, because it examines the relay-to-relay link crypto properties we need from a datagram layer and has some good comments at the bottom. However, adding the ability to simply carry UDP is not sufficient. What we have always really wanted is to transition the network to some form of end-to-end drop-based reliable congestion and flow control. There are numerous benefits from such a transition. Drop-signaled end-to-end congestion control means that instead of having to maintain arbitrary queues at relays (to make room for Tor's fixed SENDME window sizes for every single Tor circuit -- which as we have seen does not scale and is vulnerabe to DoS and OOM attacks), we can instead use a global fixed-length queue at each relay, and have each relay simply drop packets when this queue is full. This behavior mirrors how the internet works, and will not only put an upper bound on the end-to-end queuing latency of the Tor network, but it will also allow us to better ensure fairness, eliminate OOM conditions, and mitigate DoS and congestion attacks. QUIC's stream management and byte-acked teardown mechanisms will also eliminate a class of sidechannel issues in Tor where an adversary gets to send ignored data on invalid and/or recently closed streams: https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/ticket/25573 Furthermore, the switch to a secure datagram link protocol will eliminate RST spamming attacks, where an adversary spoofs RSTs to/from relay IP addresses to tear down our TLS links to gain information from the resulting circuit failures and retries across the network. Prior to the advent of QUIC, we studied many options for achieving end-to-end congestion control, but have found all of them to be lacking in one way or another. In 2011, Steven Murdoch did a literature review of these approaches: https://research.torproject.org/techreports/datagram-comparison-2011-11-07.… Section 4 of that review is the most useful thing to skim -- it explains why we found each of the end-to-end transport modes available at the time to be either insufficient for Tor's use, or encumbered by licensing or engineering incompatibilities. # QUIC Overview QUIC, however, is different. It basically serves as a complete drop-in replacement for Tor's n:1 streams-on-circuit connection model. QUIC has a connection layer, which corresponds to Tor's circuit concept, and a framing layer, which supports multiplexing for multiple reliable streams inside a single connection (corresponding to Tor's streams). Each QUIC connection provides an outer layer of drop-based congestion control. Unlike latency-based congestion control like bittorrent's utp, which was designed to compensate for poor queuing management at edge routers (as well as yield to TCP flows), QUIC's drop-based congestion control is designed to find the common bottleneck anywhere on the connection's path, and use packet drops from that queue to signal congestion and ensure fairness among connections at that bottleneck point. QUIC also provides optimizations to handle higher latency and drop-heavy links (SACK, SACK ranges, early retransmit, reordering tolerance, RTT estimates): https://quicwg.github.io/base-drafts/draft-ietf-quic-recovery.html Additionally, QUIC provides flow control at the connection level, as well as at the individual stream level. This is analogous to Tor's flow control model, but unlike Tor, QUIC implementations can adjust these window sizes automatically based on RTT measurements and congestion feedback: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-quic-transport#section-3.4 https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-quic-transport#section-11 https://docs.google.com/document/d/1F2YfdDXKpy20WVKJueEf4abn_LVZHhMUMS5gX6P… It is perhaps no small coincidence that QUIC's architecture fits so perfectly into Tor's circuit model. While at an IETF meeting years ago, an attendee quietly whispered in my ear, "You know, we're designing IETF QUIC with Tor-like networks in mind." I always love me a good prospiracy (https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=prospiracy ;). # Using QUIC in Tor While QUIC does indeed solve a great many problems for Tor out of the box, the path to Tor-over-QUIC requires that we make a few design and engineering decisions specific to Tor. There are two research implementations that study using Tor-over-QUIC: Quux and QuTor. Quux was implemented by wrapping Chromium's C++ QUIC implementation in C bindings: https://www.benthamsgaze.org/2016/09/29/quux-a-quic-un-multiplexing-of-the-… https://www.benthamsgaze.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/393617_Alastair_Cla… QuTor is unfortunately paywalled at researchgate, so it is hard for me to tell what they did: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Raik_Aissaoui/publication/292392094_QU… Unfortunately, the Quux implementation appears to use QUIC at a suboptimal position -- they replace Tor's TLS connections with QUIC, and use QUIC streams in place of Tor's circuit ID -- but only between relays. This means that it does not benefit from QUIC's end-to-end congestion control for the entire path of the circuit. Such a design will not solve the queuing and associated OOM problems at Tor relays, since relays would be unable to drop cells to signal backpressure to endpoints. Drops will instead block every circuit on a connection between relays, and even then, due to end-to-end reliability, relays will still need to queue without bound, subject to Tor's current (and inadequate) flow control. The optimal design is to use QUIC end-to-end. (Based on the researchgate abstract, it looks like this might be what QuTor did, but it is hard to tell.) Instead of replacing TLS with QUIC, we should use an unreliable link encryption protocol between relays (such as DTLS), and replace Tor's circuits with QUIC connections. In this design, Tor applications connect to the local SOCKS port using TCP, and the tor client converts it to a QUIC stream on a QUIC connection-circuit that runs all the way to the exit or onion service, which then will convert the stream back to TCP. The exit/service keeps buffering to a minimum by using QUIC pushback on the Tor side, and TCP pushback on the server side. While IETF QUIC provides its own crypto layer based on TLS 1.3, we won't really need this encryption. Instead, we will layer QUIC inside of Tor's layered onion encryption, with an ntor handshake to each hop in the path. # QUIC Deployment Considerations Past the above high-level decision of how to use QUIC, a handful of deployment considerations remain. ## Implementation As mentioned previously, there are a growing number of QUIC implementations out there, in several languages, with varying degrees of IETF compatibility: https://github.com/quicwg/base-drafts/wiki/Implementations For our purposes, the most interesting ones are ngtcp2 (native C implementation, BoringSSL, MIT licensed), picoquic (C, MIT license), and mozquic (C++ with C bindings, NSS, MPL licensed). The QUIC in Chromium is not IETF compliant, and is C++ with no C bindings. Sadly Rust implementations of QUIC are not complete. Google does also maintain a Go QUIC, which is complete. This suggests that experimental designs using one of the golang Tor implementations might be worthwhile. I'm told that the IETF hopes to finalize the QUIC standard within the year. ## Framing QUIC actually differentiates between connection-level packet sizes and frame sizes. If we want to preserve Tor's wire behavior, we will want to enforce a one-frame-per-packet policy from our QUIC library, and use QUIC's padding frames to make packet sizes uniform. ## Upgrade Path The upgrade path to QUIC will require some thorough thinking -- if all relays on a path don't yet support datagram links, should we embed QUIC inside an opaque RELAY cell type, or should wait for a flag day to switch over once sufficient relays have upgraded? Embedding QUIC in opaque RELAY cells seems like the natural choice, but will require additional engineering considerations. Additionally, a small and declining percentage of networks currently block all UDP other than DNS. At last measurement, the rate of QUIC failure was below 5%. However, like Google, we will likely want to retain the ability to fall back to TLS over TCP for these situations. ## Signaling Because we need to transition to unreliable relay links to get the most out of QUIC, we will need to figure out how to handle circuit setup -- there is currently no mechanism to ensure reliability for onionskins in Tor, since this is provided by TLS today. The simplest solution is to retain TLS between relays to transmit circuit extend cells out-of-band. Padding could be used to obscure timing information of this signaling. The alternative would be to implement some onionskin-level acking between relays, so that the datagram transport could be used for all traffic. However, since our deployment path will likely involve migration from TCP anyway, and since a small (and shrinking) percentage of networks simply block all non-DNS traffic, we will likely want to retain TCP connections for some time, making out-of-band signaling a natural first choice. ## Native UDP Support Unfortunately, during the standardization process, the IETF QUIC decided to drop support for unreliable datagram streams inside the QUIC connection, to simplify the layering of their implementation. However, because we will still need to layer QUIC inside of an onion layer, we can use that layer to carry either QUIC or UDP (at the expense of an additional field to differentiate this). # QUIC Research Questions A couple areas of open research into how QUIC will behave in a Tor deployment remain. It is my belief that while these areas are worth further study, they do not represent blockers to QUIC, as a naive deployment of QUIC will substantially outperform our current (lack of) congestion and poor flow control. ## End-to-end Congestion Control Study Unfortunately, it appears that the Quux QUIC paper studied QUIC at the wrong position - between relays, and the QuTor implementation is unclear. This means that it may still be an open question as to if QUIC's congestion control algorithms will behave optimally in a Tor-like network under heavy load. However, Google has conducted extensive internet-scale research into the congestion control algorithm, which very likely covers enough networks with Tor-like latency and drop characteristics. Because of this, I do not expect us to have to do a lot of tuning of their congestion control here, but it is worth investigating. ## Queue Management Fairness among flows in drop-based congestion control is heavily influenced by how the queue is managed, and particularly by the decision of which packet to drop when the queue is full. Modern favored algorithms involve probabilistic early dropping from the middle of the queue. The most popular approaches are the adaptive variants of RED and Blue: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_early_detection https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_(queue_management_algorithm) The simplest possible queue management design would be to set Tor's queues to 0, and allow the OS kernel or upstream router to apply its drop strategy. While this will be sufficient to ensure backpressure under congestion, it is not optimal for fairness. To enforce fairness, Tor would want to take information about QUIC connection IDs into account when dropping packets, similar to what is done with circuit ids by EWMA currently. This information will be unavailable to the kernel and upstream routers, due to the DTLS link encryption that will conceal the multiplexing of QUIC connections on connections to relays. Moreover, ensuring that sufficient queuing happens inside the Tor daemon (as opposed to the kernel) will require an aggressive socket-reading strategy. Tor's single-threaded nature will make this difficult -- to ensure that queuing happens inside the Tor daemon, packets must be continuously read from the kernel with minimal processing delay or delay from other events. Even in this case, optimality will still depend upon the bottleneck being Tor, and not in the kernel or in an upstream internet router. Thus, optimal queue management in Tor for QUIC remains an open research and engineering problem. (However, this is not really a deployment blocker. The deployment of QUIC on the internet has similar shortcomings -- the vast majority of internet routers also do not take QUIC connection ID into account when making UDP drop decisions, and yet the protocol still outperforms TCP in link utilization and drop recovery). ## Anonymity Since a Tor with bounded-length queues will have more predictable latency characteristics, a faster Tor based on QUIC may be more vulnerable to inferences about location that can be made by connection latency. Particularly, middle nodes may be able to tell how far the client is from the guard by measuring RTT. One solution to this may be adding delay in cases where RTT could be inferred. Another solution is to have two middle nodes for four hop paths, so that it is no longer clear which middle node you are in a QUIC circuit. There may be other attacks that come out of using end-to-end congestion control, but I am personally having a hard time coming up with cases where such side channels and resource starvation conditions could be any worse than those that already exist, or are unique to the OOM and DoS conditions currently possible due to Tor's lack of congestion control. -- Mike Perry

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Is there strictly a one-to-one BW scanner to BW auth relationship?
by Rob Jansen 02 Apr '18

02 Apr '18

Hi, I understand that the current bandwidth measurement system is far from ideal, but I am wondering about how the current system works. Does each bandwidth authority also run a bandwidth scanner? Or is it possible that the results from a bandwidth scanner is supplied to multiple authorities? Thanks! Rob

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Network team date change (this week only): 3 April, 1700 UTC
by Nick Mathewson 30 Mar '18

30 Mar '18

Hi! Lots of people are away for Easter Monday (it's a holiday in some countries!) so we're going to have our usual network-team meeting on Tuesday instead of Monday, for this week only. The time will be 1700 UTC as usual. Also as usual, you don't need to be a network-team member to attend! The meetings take place on the #tor-meeting IRC channel on OFTC. best wishes, -- Nick

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Scaling bandwidth scanner results
by Matt Traudt 29 Mar '18

29 Mar '18

I've made some good progress on a bare bones, doesn't-do-more-than-it- has-to bandwidth scanner. It can generate output just like torflow[0]. We need to decide on how to scale results that come from different measurement systems. The simple, don't-make-it-harder-than-it-has-to-be idea is (quote [1], see [2]): > Express each weight as a proportion of the total, and multiply by some agreed total (e.g. for the current network it would have to be the total of the consensus weight, but within some limited range to avoid unbounded growth). So we need to: 1. Decide on a large total. I suggest 50 million to start the conversation (bike shedding) based on that being close to the current total consensus weight so relay operators won't see a large (though inconsequential) change. 2. Have all the torflow operators switch to this new method. Ouch. I wouldn't mind being told I'm wrong about this step being necessary. 3. Find all the places that hint at consensus weight being directly comparable to bandwidth (such as [3]) and change the wording. Matt [0]: https://paste.debian.net/1015409/ [1]: https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/org/meetings/2018Rom e/Notes/BandwidthAuthorityRequirements#Scaling [2]: https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/ticket/25459 [3]: https://gitweb.torproject.org/torspec.git/tree/dir-spec.txt#n2290

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Connections failed to default obfs4 bridges
by Rob Jansen 28 Mar '18

28 Mar '18

Hi, In a recent connectivity test to the default obfs4 bridges [0], we found that we are unable to connect to 10 or so of them (from open networks, i.e., no local filtering). Is this a feature, like some of them only respond to users in certain parts of the world? Or is this a bug, like the default list of bridges refers to old bridges that are no longer available? Or am I misunderstanding functionality here? Thanks! Rob [0] https://gitweb.torproject.org/builders/tor-browser-bundle.git/tree/Bundle-D…

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