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December 2014
- 51 participants
- 59 discussions

28 May '15
Hi, all!
I've been trying to fill in all the cracks and corners for a revamp of
the hidden services protocol, based on earlier writings by George
Kadianakis and other discussions on the mailing list. (See draft
acknowledgments section below.)
After a bunch of comments, I'm ready to give this a number and call it
(draft) proposal 224. I'd like to know what doesn't make sense, what
I need to explain better, and what I need to design better. I'd like
to fill in the gaps and turn this into a more full document. I'd like
to answer the open questions. Comments are most welcome, especially if
they grow into improvements.
FWIW, I am likely to be offline for most of the current weekend,
because of Thanksgiving, so please be patient with my reply speed; I
hope to catch up with emails next week.
Filename: 224-rend-spec-ng.txt
Title: Next-Generation Hidden Services in Tor
Author: Nick Mathewson
Created: 2013-11-29
Status: Draft
-1. Draft notes
This document describes a proposed design and specification for
hidden services in Tor version 0.2.5.x or later. It's a replacement
for the current rend-spec.txt, rewritten for clarity and for improved
design.
Look for the string "TODO" below: it describes gaps or uncertainties
in the design.
Change history:
2013-11-29: Proposal first numbered. Some TODO and XXX items remain.
0. Hidden services: overview and preliminaries.
Hidden services aim to provide responder anonymity for bidirectional
stream-based communication on the Tor network. Unlike regular Tor
connections, where the connection initiator receives anonymity but
the responder does not, hidden services attempt to provide
bidirectional anonymity.
Other features include:
* [TODO: WRITE ME once there have been some more drafts and we know
what the summary should say.]
Participants:
Operator -- A person running a hidden service
Host, "Server" -- The Tor software run by the operator to provide
a hidden service.
User -- A person contacting a hidden service.
Client -- The Tor software running on the User's computer
Hidden Service Directory (HSDir) -- A Tor node that hosts signed
statements from hidden service hosts so that users can make
contact with them.
Introduction Point -- A Tor node that accepts connection requests
for hidden services and anonymously relays those requests to the
hidden service.
Rendezvous Point -- A Tor node to which clients and servers
connect and which relays traffic between them.
0.1. Improvements over previous versions.
[TODO write me once there have been more drafts and we know what the
summary should say.]
0.2. Notation and vocabulary
Unless specified otherwise, all multi-octet integers are big-endian.
We write sequences of bytes in two ways:
1. A sequence of two-digit hexadecimal values in square brackets,
as in [AB AD 1D EA].
2. A string of characters enclosed in quotes, as in "Hello". These
characters in these string are encoded in their ascii
representations; strings are NOT nul-terminated unless
explicitly described as NUL terminated.
We use the words "byte" and "octet" interchangeably.
We use the vertical bar | to denote concatenation.
We use INT_N(val) to denote the network (big-endian) encoding of the
unsigned integer "val" in N bytes. For example, INT_4(1337) is [00 00
05 39].
0.3. Cryptographic building blocks
This specification uses the following cryptographic building blocks:
* A stream cipher STREAM(iv, k) where iv is a nonce of length
S_IV_LEN bytes and k is a key of length S_KEY_LEN bytes.
* A public key signature system SIGN_KEYGEN()->seckey, pubkey;
SIGN_SIGN(seckey,msg)->sig; and SIGN_CHECK(pubkey, sig, msg) ->
{ "OK", "BAD" }; where secret keys are of length SIGN_SECKEY_LEN
bytes, public keys are of length SIGN_PUBKEY_LEN bytes, and
signatures are of length SIGN_SIG_LEN bytes.
This signature system must also support key blinding operations
as discussed in appendix [KEYBLIND] and in section [SUBCRED]:
SIGN_BLIND_SECKEY(seckey, blind)->seckey2 and
SIGN_BLIND_PUBKEY(pubkey, blind)->pubkey2 .
* A public key agreement system "PK", providing
PK_KEYGEN()->seckey, pubkey; PK_VALID(pubkey) -> {"OK", "BAD"};
and PK_HANDHAKE(seckey, pubkey)->output; where secret keys are
of length PK_SECKEY_LEN bytes, public keys are of length
PK_PUBKEY_LEN bytes, and the handshake produces outputs of
length PK_OUTPUT_LEN bytes.
* A cryptographic hash function H(d), which should be preimage and
collision resistant. It produces hashes of length HASH_LEN
bytes.
* A cryptographic message authentication code MAC(key,msg) that
produces outputs of length MAC_LEN bytes.
* A key derivation function KDF(key data, salt, personalization,
n) that outputs n bytes.
As a first pass, I suggest:
* Instantiate STREAM with AES128-CTR. [TODO: or ChaCha20?]
* Instantiate SIGN with Ed25519 and the blinding protocol in
[KEYBLIND].
* Instantiate PK with Curve25519.
* Instantiate H with SHA256. [TODO: really?]
* Instantiate MAC with HMAC using H.
* Instantiate KDF with HKDF using H.
For legacy purposes, we specify compatibility with older versions of
the Tor introduction point and rendezvous point protocols. These used
RSA1024, DH1024, AES128, and SHA1, as discussed in
rend-spec.txt. Except as noted, all RSA keys MUST have exponent
values of 65537.
As in [proposal 220], all signatures are generated not over strings
themselves, but over those strings prefixed with a distinguishing
value.
0.4. Protocol building blocks [BUILDING-BLOCKS]
In sections below, we need to transmit the locations and identities
of Tor nodes. We do so in the link identification format used by
EXTEND2 cells in the Tor protocol.
NSPEC (Number of link specifiers) [1 byte]
NSPEC times:
LSTYPE (Link specifier type) [1 byte]
LSLEN (Link specifier length) [1 byte]
LSPEC (Link specifier) [LSLEN bytes]
Link specifier types are as described in tor-spec.txt. Every set of
link specifiers MUST include at minimum specifiers of type [00]
(TLS-over-TCP, IPv4) and [02] (legacy node identity).
We also incorporate Tor's circuit extension handshakes, as used in
the CREATE2 and CREATED2 cells described in tor-spec.txt. In these
handshakes, a client who knows a public key for a server sends a
message and receives a message from that server. Once the exchange is
done, the two parties have a shared set of forward-secure key
material, and the client knows that nobody else shares that key
material unless they control the secret key corresponding to the
server's public key.
0.5. Assigned relay cell types
These relay cell types are reserved for use in the hidden service
protocol.
32 -- RELAY_COMMAND_ESTABLISH_INTRO
Sent from hidden service host to introduction point;
establishes introduction point. Discussed in
[REG_INTRO_POINT].
33 -- RELAY_COMMAND_ESTABLISH_RENDEZVOUS
Sent from client to rendezvous point; creates rendezvous
point. Discussed in [EST_REND_POINT].
34 -- RELAY_COMMAND_INTRODUCE1
Sent from client to introduction point; requests
introduction. Discussed in [SEND_INTRO1]
35 -- RELAY_COMMAND_INTRODUCE2
Sent from client to introduction point; requests
introduction. Same format as INTRODUCE1. Discussed in
[FMT_INTRO1] and [PROCESS_INTRO2]
36 -- RELAY_COMMAND_RENDEZVOUS1
Sent from introduction point to rendezvous point;
attempts to join introduction point's circuit to
client's circuit. Discussed in [JOIN_REND]
37 -- RELAY_COMMAND_RENDEZVOUS2
Sent from introduction point to rendezvous point;
reports join of introduction point's circuit to
client's circuit. Discussed in [JOIN_REND]
38 -- RELAY_COMMAND_INTRO_ESTABLISHED
Sent from introduction point to hidden service host;
reports status of attempt to establish introduction
point. Discussed in [INTRO_ESTABLISHED]
39 -- RELAY_COMMAND_RENDEZVOUS_ESTABLISHED
Sent from rendezvous point to client; acknowledges
receipt of ESTABLISH_RENDEZVOUS cell. Discussed in
[EST_REND_POINT]
40 -- RELAY_COMMAND_INTRODUCE_ACK
Sent form introduction point to client; acknowledges
receipt of INTRODUCE1 cell and reports success/failure.
Discussed in [INTRO_ACK]
0.5. Acknowledgments
[TODO reformat these once the lists are more complete.]
This design includes ideas from many people, including
Christopher Baines,
Daniel J. Bernstein,
Matthew Finkel,
Ian Goldberg,
George Kadianakis,
Aniket Kate,
Tanja Lange,
Robert Ransom,
It's based on Tor's original hidden service design by Roger
Dingledine, Nick Mathewson, and Paul Syverson, and on improvements to
that design over the years by people including
Tobias Kamm,
Thomas Lauterbach,
Karsten Loesing,
Alessandro Preite Martinez,
Robert Ransom,
Ferdinand Rieger,
Christoph Weingarten,
Christian Wilms,
We wouldn't be able to do any of this work without good attack
designs from researchers including
Alex Biryukov,
Lasse Øverlier,
Ivan Pustogarov,
Paul Syverson
Ralf-Philipp Weinmann,
See [ATTACK-REFS] for their papers.
Several of these ideas have come from conversations with
Christian Grothoff,
Brian Warner,
Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn,
And if this document makes any sense at all, it's thanks to
editing help from
Matthew Finkel
George Kadianakis,
Peter Palfrader,
[XXX Acknowledge the huge bunch of people working on 8106.]
[XXX Acknowledge the huge bunch of people working on 8244.]
Please forgive me if I've missed you; please forgive me if I've
misunderstood your best ideas here too.
1. Protocol overview
In this section, we outline the hidden service protocol. This section
omits some details in the name of simplicity; those are given more
fully below, when we specify the protocol in more detail.
1.1. View from 10,000 feet
A hidden service host prepares to offer a hidden service by choosing
several Tor nodes to serve as its introduction points. It builds
circuits to those nodes, and tells them to forward introduction
requests to it using those circuits.
Once introduction points have been picked, the host builds a set of
documents called "hidden service descriptors" (or just "descriptors"
for short) and uploads them to a set of HSDir nodes. These documents
list the hidden service's current introduction points and describe
how to make contact with the hidden service.
When a client wants to connect to a hidden service, it first chooses
a Tor node at random to be its "rendezvous point" and builds a
circuit to that rendezvous point. If the client does not have an
up-to-date descriptor for the service, it contacts an appropriate
HSDir and requests such a descriptor.
The client then builds an anonymous circuit to one of the hidden
service's introduction points listed in its descriptor, and gives the
introduction point an introduction request to pass to the hidden
service. This introduction request includes the target rendezvous
point and the first part of a cryptographic handshake.
Upon receiving the introduction request, the hidden service host
makes an anonymous circuit to the rendezvous point and completes the
cryptographic handshake. The rendezvous point connects the two
circuits, and the cryptographic handshake gives the two parties a
shared key and proves to the client that it is indeed talking to the
hidden service.
Once the two circuits are joined, the client can send Tor RELAY cells
to the server. RELAY_BEGIN cells open streams to an external process
or processes configured by the server; RELAY_DATA cells are used to
communicate data on those streams, and so forth.
1.2. In more detail: naming hidden services [NAMING]
A hidden service's name is its long term master identity key. This
is encoded as a hostname by encoding the entire key in Base 32, and
adding the string ".onion" at the end.
(This is a change from older versions of the hidden service protocol,
where we used an 80-bit truncated SHA1 hash of a 1024 bit RSA key.)
The names in this format are distinct from earlier names because of
their length. An older name might look like:
unlikelynamefora.onion
yyhws9optuwiwsns.onion
And a new name following this specification might look like:
a1uik0w1gmfq3i5ievxdm9ceu27e88g6o7pe0rffdw9jmntwkdsd.onion
Note that since master keys are 32 bytes long, and 52 bytes of base
32 encoding can hold 260 bits of information, we have four unused
bits in each of these names.
[TODO: Alternatively, we could require that the first bit of the
master key always be zero, and use a 51-byte encoding. Or we could
require that the first two bits be zero, and use a 51-byte encoding
and reserve the first bit. Or we could require that the first nine
bits, or ten bits be zero, etc.]
1.3. In more detail: Access control [IMD:AC]
Access control for a hidden service is imposed at multiple points
through the process above.
In order to download a descriptor, clients must know which blinded
signing key was used to sign it. (See the next section for more info
on key blinding.) This blinded signing key is derived from the
service's public key and, optionally, an additional secret that is
not part of the hidden service's onion address. The public key and
this secret together constitute the service's "credential".
When the secret is in use, the hidden service gains protections
equivalent to the "stealth mode" in previous designs.
To learn the introduction points, the clients must decrypt the body
of the hidden service descriptor. The encryption key for these is
derived from the service's credential.
In order to make an introduction point send a request to the server,
the client must know the introduction point and know the service's
per-introduction-point authentication key from the hidden service
descriptor.
The final level of access control happens at the server itself, which
may decide to respond or not respond to the client's request
depending on the contents of the request. The protocol is extensible
at this point: at a minimum, the server requires that the client
demonstrate knowledge od the contents of the encrypted portion of the
hidden service descriptor. The service may additionally require a
user- or group-specific access token before it responds to requests.
1.4. In more detail: Distributing hidden service descriptors. [IMD:DIST]
Periodically, hidden service descriptors become stored at different
locations to prevent a single directory or small set of directories
from becoming a good DoS target for removing a hidden service.
For each period, the Tor directory authorities agree upon a
collaboratively generated random value. (See section 2.3 for a
description of how to incorporate this value into the voting
practice; generating the value is described in other proposals,
including [TODO: add a reference]) That value, combined with hidden service
directories' public identity keys, determines each HSDirs' position
in the hash ring for descriptors made in that period.
Each hidden service's descriptors are placed into the ring in
positions based on the key that was used to sign them. Note that
hidden service descriptors are not signed with the services' public
keys directly. Instead, we use a key-blinding system [KEYBLIND] to
create a new key-of-the-day for each hidden service. Any client that
knows the hidden service's credential can derive these blinded
signing keys for a given period. It should be impossible to derive
the blinded signing key lacking that credential.
The body of each descriptor is also encrypted with a key derived from
the credential.
To avoid a "thundering herd" problem where every service generates
and uploads a new descriptor at the start of each period, each
descriptor comes online at a time during the period that depends on
its blinded signing key. The keys for the last period remain valid
until the new keys come online.
1.5. In more detail: Scaling to multiple hosts
[THIS SECTION IS UNFINISHED]
In order to allow multiple hosts to provide a single hidden service,
I'm considering two options.
* We can have each server build an introduction circuit to each
introduction point, and have the introduction points responsible
for round-robining between these circuits. One service host is
responsible for picking the introduction points and publishing
the descriptors.
* We can have servers choose their introduction points
independently, and build circuits to them. One service host is
responsible for combining these introduction points into a
single descriptor.
If we want to avoid having a single "master" host without which the
whole service goes down (the "one service host" in the description
above), we need a way to fail over from one host to another. We also
need a way to coordinate between the hosts. This is as yet
undesigned. Maybe it should use a hidden service?
See [SCALING-REFS] for discussion on this topic.
[TODO: Finalize this design.]
1.6. In more detail: Backward compatibility with older hidden service
protocols
This design is incompatible with the clients, server, and hsdir node
protocols from older versions of the hidden service protocol as
described in rend-spec.txt. On the other hand, it is designed to
enable the use of older Tor nodes as rendezvous points and
introduction points.
1.7. In more detail: Offline operation
In this design, a hidden service's secret identity key may be stored
offline. It's used only to generate blinded identity keys, which are
used to sign descriptor signing keys. In order to operate a hidden
service, the operator can generate a number of descriptor signing
keys and their certifications (see [DESC-OUTER] and [ENCRYPTED-DATA]
below), and their corresponding descriptor encryption keys, and
export those to the hidden service hosts.
1.8. In more detail: Encryption Keys And Replay Resistance
To avoid replays of an introduction request by an introduction point,
a hidden service host must never accept the same request
twice. Earlier versions of the hidden service design used a
authenticated timestamp here, but including a view of the current
time can create a problematic fingerprint. (See proposal 222 for more
discussion.)
1.9. In more detail: A menagerie of keys
[In the text below, an "encryption keypair" is roughly "a keypair you
can do Diffie-Hellman with" and a "signing keypair" is roughly "a
keypair you can do ECDSA with."]
Public/private keypairs defined in this document:
Master (hidden service) identity key -- A master signing keypair
used as the identity for a hidden service. This key is not used
on its own to sign anything; it is only used to generate blinded
signing keys as described in [KEYBLIND] and [SUBCRED].
Blinded signing key -- A keypair derived from the identity key,
used to sign descriptor signing keys. Changes periodically for
each service. Clients who know a 'credential' consisting of the
service's public identity key and an optional secret can derive
the public blinded identity key for a service. This key is used
as an index in the DHT-like structure of the directory system.
Descriptor signing key -- A key used to sign hidden service
descriptors. This is signed by blinded signing keys. Unlike
blinded signing keys and master identity keys, the secret part
of this key must be stored online by hidden service hosts.
Introduction point authentication key -- A short-term signing
keypair used to identify a hidden service to a given
introduction point. A fresh keypair is made for each
introduction point; these are used to sign the request that a
hidden service host makes when establishing an introduction
point, so that clients who know the public component of this key
can get their introduction requests sent to the right
service. No keypair is ever used with more than one introduction
point. (previously called a "service key" in rend-spec.txt)
Introduction point encryption key -- A short-term encryption
keypair used when establishing connections via an introduction
point. Plays a role analogous to Tor nodes' onion keys. A fresh
keypair is made for each introduction point.
Symmetric keys defined in this document:
Descriptor encryption keys -- A symmetric encryption key used to
encrypt the body of hidden service descriptors. Derived from the
current period and the hidden service credential.
Public/private keypairs defined elsewhere:
Onion key -- Short-term encryption keypair
(Node) identity key
Symmetric key-like things defined elsewhere:
KH from circuit handshake -- An unpredictable value derived as
part of the Tor circuit extension handshake, used to tie a request
to a particular circuit.
2. Generating and publishing hidden service descriptors [HSDIR]
Hidden service descriptors follow the same metaformat as other Tor
directory objects. They are published anonymously to Tor servers with
the HSDir3 flag.
(Authorities should assign this flag as they currently assign the
HSDir flag, except that they should restrict it to Tor versions
implementing the HSDir parts of this specification.)
2.1. Deriving blinded keys and subcredentials [SUBCRED]
In each time period (see [TIME-PERIOD] for a definition of time
periods), a hidden service host uses a different blinded private key
to sign its directory information, and clients use a different
blinded public key as the index for fetching that information.
For a candidate for a key derivation method, see Appendix [KEYBLIND].
Additionally, clients and hosts derive a subcredential for each
period. Knowledge of the subcredential is needed to decrypt hidden
service descriptors for each period and to authenticate with the
hidden service host in the introduction process. Unlike the
credential, it changes each period. Knowing the subcredential, even
in combination with the blinded private key, does not enable the
hidden service host to derive the main credential--therefore, it is
safe to put the subcredential on the hidden service host while
leaving the hidden service's private key offline.
The subcredential for a period is derived as:
H("subcredential" |
credential |
blinded-public-key).
2.2. Locating, uploading, and downloading hidden service descriptors
[HASHRING]
To avoid attacks where a hidden service's descriptor is easily
targeted for censorship, we store them at different directories over
time, and use shared random values to prevent those directories from
being predictable far in advance.
Which Tor servers hosts a hidden service depends on:
* the current time period,
* the daily subcredential,
* the hidden service directories' public keys,
* a shared random value that changes in each time period,
* a set of network-wide networkstatus consensus parameters.
Below we explain in more detail.
2.2.1. Dividing time into periods [TIME-PERIODS]
To prevent a single set of hidden service directory from becoming a
target by adversaries looking to permanently censor a hidden service,
hidden service descriptors are uploaded to different locations that
change over time.
The length of a "time period" is controlled by the consensus
parameter 'hsdir-interval', and is a number of minutes between 30 and
14400 (10 days). The default time period length is 1500 (one day plus
one hour).
Time periods start with the Unix epoch (Jan 1, 1970), and are
computed by taking the number of whole minutes since the epoch and
dividing by the time period. So if the current time is 2013-11-12
13:44:32 UTC, making the seconds since the epoch 1384281872, the
number of minutes since the epoch is 23071364. If the current time
period length is 1500 (the default), then the current time period
number is 15380. It began 15380*1500*60 seconds after the epoch at
2013-11-11 20:00:00 UTC, and will end at (15380+1)*1500*60 seconds
after the epoch at 2013-11-12 21:00:00 UTC.
2.2.2. Overlapping time periods to avoid thundering herds [TIME-OVERLAP]
If every hidden service host were to generate a new set of keys and
upload a new descriptor at exactly the start of each time period, the
directories would be overwhelmed by every host uploading at the same
time. Instead, each public key becomes valid at its new location at a
deterministic time somewhat _before_ the period begins, depending on
the public key and the period.
The time at which a key might first become valid is determined by the
consensus parameter "hsdir-overlap-begins", which is an integer in
range [1,100] with default value 80. This parameter denotes a
percentage of the interval for which no overlap occurs. So for the
default interval (1500 minutes) and default overlap-begins value
(80%), new keys do not become valid for the first 1200 minutes of the
interval.
The new shared random value must be published *before* the start of
the next overlap interval by at least enough time to ensure that
clients all get it. [TODO: how much earlier?]
The time at which a key from the next interval becomes valid is
determined by taking the first two bytes of
OFFSET = H(Key | INT_8(Next_Period_Num))
as a big-endian integer, dividing by 65536, and treating that as a
fraction of the overlap interval.
For example, if the period is 1500 minutes long, and overlap interval
is 300 minutes long, and OFFSET begins with [90 50], then the next
key becomes valid at 1200 + 300 * (0x9050 / 65536) minutes, or
approximately 22 hours and 49 minutes after the beginning of the
period.
Hidden service directories should accept descriptors at least [TODO:
how much?] minutes before they would become valid, and retain them
for at least [TODO: how much?] minutes after the end of the period.
When a client is looking for a service, it must calculate its key
both for the current and for the subsequent period, to decide whether
the next period's key is valid yet.
2.2.3. Where to publish a service descriptor
The following consensus parameters control where a hidden service
descriptor is stored;
hsdir_n_replicas = an integer in range [1,16]
with default value 2.
hsdir_spread_fetch = an integer in range [1,128]
with default value 3.
hsdir_spread_store = an integer in range [1,128]
with default value 3.
hsdir_spread_accept = an integer in range [1,128]
with default value 8.
To determine where a given hidden service descriptor will be stored
in a given period, after the blinded public key for that period is
derived, the uploading or downloading party calculate
for replicanum in 1...hsdir_n_replicas:
hs_index(replicanum) = H("store-at-idx" |
blinded_public_key | replicanum |
periodnum)
where blinded_public_key is specified in section KEYBLIND, and
periodnum is defined in section TIME-PERIODS.
where n_replicas is determined by the consensus parameter
"hsdir_n_replicas".
Then, for each node listed in the current consensus with the HSDir3
flag, we compute a directory index for that node as:
hsdir_index(node) = H(node_identity_digest |
shared_random |
INT_8(period_num) )
where shared_random is the shared value generated by the authorities
in section PUB-SHAREDRANDOM.
Finally, for replicanum in 1...hsdir_n_replicas, the hidden service
host uploads descriptors to the first hsdir_spread_store nodes whose
indices immediately follow hs_index(replicanum).
When choosing an HSDir to download from, clients choose randomly from
among the first hsdir_spread_fetch nodes after the indices. (Note
that, in order to make the system better tolerate disappearing
HSDirs, hsdir_spread_fetch may be less than hsdir_spread_store.)
An HSDir should rejects a descriptor if that HSDir is not one of the
first hsdir_spread_accept HSDirs for that node.
[TODO: Incorporate the findings from proposal 143 here. But watch
out: proposal 143 did not analyze how much the set of nodes changes
over time, or how much client and host knowledge might diverge.]
2.2.4. URLs for anonymous uploading and downloading
Hidden service descriptors conforming to this specification are
uploaded with an HTTP POST request to the URL
/tor/rendezvous3/publish relative to the hidden service directory's
root, and downloaded with an HTTP GET request for the URL
/tor/rendezvous3/<z> where z is a base-64 encoding of the hidden
service's blinded public key.
[TODO: raw base64 is not super-nice for URLs, since it can have
slashes. We already use it for microdescriptor URLs, though. Do we
care here?]
These requests must be made anonymously, on circuits not used for
anything else.
2.3. Publishing shared random values [PUB-SHAREDRANDOM]
Our design for limiting the predictability of HSDir upload locations
relies on a shared random value that isn't predictable in advance or
too influenceable by an attacker. The authorities must run a protocol
to generate such a value at least once per hsdir period. Here we
describe how they publish these values; the procedure they use to
generate them can change independently of the rest of this
specification. For one possible (somewhat broken) protocol, see
Appendix [SHAREDRANDOM].
We add a new line in votes and consensus documents:
"hsdir-shared-random" PERIOD-START VALUE
PERIOD-START = YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
VALUE = A base-64 encoded 256-bit value.
To decide which hsdir-shared-random line to include in a consensus
for a given PERIOD-START, we choose whichever line appears verbatim
in the most votes, so long as it is listed by at least three
authorities. Ties are broken in favor of the lower value. More than
one PERIOD-START is allowed per vote, and per consensus. The same
PERIOD-START must not appear twice in a vote or in a consensus.
[TODO: Need to define a more robust algorithm. Need to cover cases
where multiple cluster of authorities publish a different value,
etc.]
The hs-dir-shared-random lines appear, sorted by PERIOD-START, in the
consensus immediately after the "params" line.
The authorities should publish the shared random value for the
current period, and, at a time at least three voting periods before
the overlap interval begins, the shared random value for the next
period.
[TODO: find out what weasel doesn't like here.]
2.4. Hidden service descriptors: outer wrapper [DESC-OUTER]
The format for a hidden service descriptor is as follows, using the
meta-format from dir-spec.txt.
"hs-descriptor" SP "3" SP public-key SP certification NL
[At start, exactly once.]
public-key is the blinded public key for the service, encoded in
base 64. Certification is a certification of a short-term ed25519
descriptor signing key using the public key, in the format of
proposal 220.
"time-period" SP YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS NUM NL
[Exactly once.]
The time period for which this descriptor is relevant, including
its starting time and its period number.
"revision-counter" SP Integer NL
[Exactly once.]
The revision number of the descriptor. If an HSDir receives a
second descriptor for a key that it already has a descriptor for,
it should retain and serve the descriptor with the higher
revision-counter.
(Checking for monotonically increasing revision-counter values
prevents an attacker from replacing a newer descriptor signed by
a given key with a copy of an older version.)
"encrypted" NL encrypted-string
[Exactly once.]
An encrypted blob, whose format is discussed in [ENCRYPTED-DATA]
below. The blob is base-64 encoded and enclosed in -----BEGIN
MESSAGE---- and ----END MESSAGE---- wrappers.
"signature" SP signature NL
[exactly once, at end.]
A signature of all previous fields, using the signing key in the
hs-descriptor line. We use a separate key for signing, so that
the hidden service host does not need to have its private blinded
key online.
2.5. Hidden service descriptors: encryption format [ENCRYPTED-DATA]
The encrypted part of the hidden service descriptor is encrypted and
authenticated with symmetric keys generated as follows:
salt = 16 random bytes
secret_input = nonce | blinded_public_key | subcredential |
INT_4(revision_counter)
keys = KDF(secret_input, salt, "hsdir-encrypted-data",
S_KEY_LEN + S_IV_LEN + MAC_KEY_LEN)
SECRET_KEY = first S_KEY_LEN bytes of keys
SECRET_IV = next S_IV_LEN bytes of keys
MAC_KEY = last MAC_KEY_LEN bytes of keys
The encrypted data has the format:
SALT (random bytes from above) [16 bytes]
ENCRYPTED The plaintext encrypted with S [variable]
MAC MAC of both above fields [32 bytes]
The encryption format is ENCRYPTED =
STREAM(SECRET_IV,SECRET_KEY) xor Plaintext
Before encryption, the plaintext must be padded to a multiple of ???
bytes with NUL bytes. The plaintext must not be longer than ???
bytes. [TODO: how much? Should this be a parameter? What values in
practice is needed to hide how many intro points we have, and how
many might be legacy ones?]
The plaintext format is:
"create2-formats" SP formats NL
[Exactly once]
A space-separated list of integers denoting CREATE2 cell format
numbers that the server recognizes. Must include at least TAP and
ntor as described in tor-spec.txt. See tor-spec section 5.1 for a
list of recognized handshake types.
"authentication-required" SP types NL
[At most once]
A space-separated list of authentication types. A client that does
not support at least one of these authentication types will not be
able to contact the host. Recognized types are: 'password' and
'ed25519'. See [INTRO-AUTH] below.
At least once:
"introduction-point" SP link-specifiers NL
[Exactly once per introduction point at start of introduction
point section]
The link-specifiers is a base64 encoding of a link specifier
block in the format described in BUILDING-BLOCKS.
"auth-key" SP "ed25519" SP key SP certification NL
[Exactly once per introduction point]
Base-64 encoded introduction point authentication key that was
used to establish introduction point circuit, cross-certifying
the blinded public key key using the certification format of
proposal 220.
"enc-key" SP "ntor" SP key NL
[At most once per introduction point]
Base64-encoded curve25519 key used to encrypt request to
hidden service.
[TODO: I'd like to have a cross-certification here too.]
"enc-key" SP "legacy" NL key NL
[At most once per introduction point]
Base64-encoded RSA key, wrapped in "----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC
KEY-----" armor, for use with a legacy introduction point as
described in [LEGACY_EST_INTRO] and [LEGACY-INTRODUCE1] below.
Exactly one of the "enc-key ntor" and "enc-key legacy"
elements must be present for each introduction point.
[TODO: I'd like to have a cross-certification here too.]
Other encryption and authentication key formats are allowed; clients
should ignore ones they do not recognize.
3. The introduction protocol
The introduction protocol proceeds in three steps.
First, a hidden service host builds an anonymous circuit to a Tor
node and registers that circuit as an introduction point.
[Between these steps, the hidden service publishes its
introduction points and associated keys, and the client fetches
them as described in section [HSDIR] above.]
Second, a client builds an anonymous circuit to the introduction
point, and sends an introduction request.
Third, the introduction point relays the introduction request along
the introduction circuit to the hidden service host, and acknowledges
the introduction request to the client.
3.1. Registering an introduction point [REG_INTRO_POINT]
3.1.1. Extensible ESTABLISH_INTRO protocol. [EST_INTRO]
When a hidden service is establishing a new introduction point, it
sends a ESTABLISH_INTRO cell with the following contents:
AUTH_KEY_TYPE [1 byte]
AUTH_KEY_LEN [1 byte]
AUTH_KEY [AUTH_KEY_LEN bytes]
Any number of times:
EXT_FIELD_TYPE [1 byte]
EXT_FIELD_LEN [1 byte]
EXT_FIELD [EXTRA_FIELD_LEN bytes]
ZERO [1 byte]
HANDSHAKE_AUTH [MAC_LEN bytes]
SIGLEN [1 byte]
SIG [SIGLEN bytes]
The AUTH_KEY_TYPE field indicates the type of the introduction point
authentication key and the type of the MAC to use in for
HANDSHAKE_AUTH. Recognized types are:
[00, 01] -- Reserved for legacy introduction cells; see
[LEGACY_EST_INTRO below]
[02] -- Ed25519; HMAC-SHA256.
[FF] -- Reserved for maintenance messages on existing
circuits; see MAINT_INTRO below.
[TODO: Should this just be a new relay cell type?
Matthew and George think so.]
The AUTH_KEY_LEN field determines the length of the AUTH_KEY
field. The AUTH_KEY field contains the public introduction point
authentication key.
The EXT_FIELD_TYPE, EXT_FIELD_LEN, EXT_FIELD entries are reserved for
future extensions to the introduction protocol. Extensions with
unrecognized EXT_FIELD_TYPE values must be ignored.
The ZERO field contains the byte zero; it marks the end of the
extension fields.
The HANDSHAKE_AUTH field contains the MAC of all earlier fields in
the cell using as its key the shared per-circuit material ("KH")
generated during the circuit extension protocol; see tor-spec.txt
section 5.2, "Setting circuit keys". It prevents replays of
ESTABLISH_INTRO cells.
SIGLEN is the length of the signature.
SIG is a signature, using AUTH_KEY, of all contents of the cell, up
to but not including SIG. These contents are prefixed with the string
"Tor establish-intro cell v1".
Upon receiving an ESTABLISH_INTRO cell, a Tor node first decodes the
key and the signature, and checks the signature. The node must reject
the ESTABLISH_INTRO cell and destroy the circuit in these cases:
* If the key type is unrecognized
* If the key is ill-formatted
* If the signature is incorrect
* If the HANDSHAKE_AUTH value is incorrect
* If the circuit is already a rendezvous circuit.
* If the circuit is already an introduction circuit.
[TODO: some scalability designs fail there.]
* If the key is already in use by another circuit.
Otherwise, the node must associate the key with the circuit, for use
later in INTRODUCE1 cells.
[TODO: The above will work fine with what we do today, but it will do
quite badly if we ever freak out and want to go back to RSA2048 or
bigger. Do we care?]
3.1.2. Registering an introduction point on a legacy Tor node [LEGACY_EST_INTRO]
Tor nodes should also support an older version of the ESTABLISH_INTRO
cell, first documented in rend-spec.txt. New hidden service hosts
must use this format when establishing introduction points at older
Tor nodes that do not support the format above in [EST_INTRO].
In this older protocol, an ESTABLISH_INTRO cell contains:
KEY_LENGTH [2 bytes]
KEY [KEY_LENGTH bytes]
HANDSHAKE_AUTH [20 bytes]
SIG [variable, up to end of relay payload]
The KEY_LENGTH variable determines the length of the KEY field.
The KEY field is a ASN1-encoded RSA public key.
The HANDSHAKE_AUTH field contains the SHA1 digest of (KH |
"INTRODUCE").
The SIG field contains an RSA signature, using PKCS1 padding, of all
earlier fields.
Note that since the relay payload itself may be no more than 498
bytes long, the KEY_LENGTH field can never have a first byte other
than [00] or [01]. These values are used to distinguish legacy
ESTABLISH_INTRO cells from newer ones.
Older versions of Tor always use a 1024-bit RSA key for these
introduction authentication keys.
Newer hidden services MAY use RSA keys up 1904 bits. Any more than
that will not fit in a RELAY cell payload.
3.1.3. Managing introduction circuits [MAINT_INTRO]
If the first byte of an ESTABLISH_INTRO cell is [FF], the cell's body
contains an administrative command for the circuit. The format of
such a command is:
Any number of times:
SUBCOMMAND_TYPE [2 bytes]
SUBCOMMAND_LEN [2 bytes]
SUBCOMMAND [COMMAND_LEN bytes]
Recognized SUBCOMMAND_TYPE values are:
[00 01] -- update encryption keys
[TODO: Matthew says, "This can be used to fork an intro point to
balance traffic over multiple hidden service servers while
maintaining the criteria for a valid ESTABLISH_INTRO
cell. -MF". Investigate.]
Unrecognized SUBCOMMAND_TYPE values should be ignored.
3.1.3.1. Updating encryption keys (subcommand 0001) [UPDATE-KEYS-SUBCMD]
Hidden service hosts send this subcommand to set their initial
encryption keys or update the configured public encryption keys
associated with this circuit. This message must be sent after
establishing an introduction point, before the circuit can be
advertised. These keys are given in the form:
NUMKEYS [1 byte]
NUMKEYS times:
KEYTYPE [1 byte]
KEYLEN [1 byte]
KEY [KEYLEN bytes]
COUNTER [4 bytes]
SIGLEN [1 byte]
SIGNATURE [SIGLEN bytes.]
The KEYTYPE value [01] is for Curve25519 keys.
The COUNTER field is a monotonically increasing value across a given
introduction point authentication key.
The SIGNATURE must be generated with the introduction point
authentication key, and must cover the entire subcommand body,
prefixed with the string "Tor hidden service introduction encryption
keys v1".
[TODO: Nothing is done here to prove ownership of the encryption
keys. Does that matter?]
[TODO: The point here is to allow encryption keys to change while
maintaining an introduction point and not forcing a client to
download a new descriptor. I'm not sure if that's worth it. It makes
clients who have seen a key before distinguishable from ones who have
not.]
[Matthew says: "Repeat-client over long periods of time will always
be distinguishable. It may be better to simply expire intro points
than try to preserve forward-secrecy, though". Must find out what he
meant.]
Setting the encryption keys for a given circuit replaces the previous
keys for that circuit. Clients who attempt to connect using the old
key receive an INTRO_ACK cell with error code [00 02] as described in
section [INTRO_ACK] below.
3.1.4. Acknowledging establishment of introduction point [INTRO_ESTABLISHED]
After setting up an introduction circuit, the introduction point
reports its status back to the hidden service host with an empty
INTRO_ESTABLISHED cell.
[TODO: make this cell type extensible. It should be able to include
data if that turns out to be needed.]
3.2. Sending an INTRODUCE1 cell to the introduction point. [SEND_INTRO1]
In order to participate in the introduction protocol, a client must
know the following:
* An introduction point for a service.
* The introduction authentication key for that introduction point.
* The introduction encryption key for that introduction point.
The client sends an INTRODUCE1 cell to the introduction point,
containing an identifier for the service, an identifier for the
encryption key that the client intends to use, and an opaque blob to
be relayed to the hidden service host.
In reply, the introduction point sends an INTRODUCE_ACK cell back to
the client, either informing it that its request has been delivered,
or that its request will not succeed.
3.2.1. INTRODUCE1 cell format [FMT_INTRO1]
An INTRODUCE1 cell has the following contents:
AUTH_KEYID [32 bytes]
ENC_KEYID [8 bytes]
Any number of times:
EXT_FIELD_TYPE [1 byte]
EXT_FIELD_LEN [1 byte]
EXT_FIELD [EXTRA_FIELD_LEN bytes]
ZERO [1 byte]
ENCRYPTED [Up to end of relay payload]
[TODO: Should we have a field to determine the type of ENCRYPTED, or
should we instead assume that there is exactly one encryption key per
encryption method? The latter is probably safer.]
Upon receiving an INTRODUCE1 cell, the introduction point checks
whether AUTH_KEYID and ENC_KEYID match a configured introduction
point authentication key and introduction point encryption key. If
they do, the cell is relayed; if not, it is not.
The AUTH_KEYID for an Ed25519 public key is the public key itself.
The ENC_KEYID for a Curve25519 public key is the first 8 bytes of the
public key. (This key ID is safe to truncate, since all the keys are
generated by the hidden service host, and the ID is only valid
relative to a single AUTH_KEYID.) The ENCRYPTED field is as
described in 3.3 below.
To relay an INTRODUCE1 cell, the introduction point sends an
INTRODUCE2 cell with exactly the same contents.
3.2.2. INTRODUCE_ACK cell format. [INTRO_ACK]
An INTRODUCE_ACK cell has the following fields:
STATUS [2 bytes]
Any number of times:
EXT_FIELD_TYPE [1 byte]
EXT_FIELD_LEN [1 byte]
EXT_FIELD [EXTRA_FIELD_LEN bytes]
Recognized status values are:
[00 00] -- Success: cell relayed to hidden service host.
[00 01] -- Failure: service ID not recognzied
[00 02] -- Failure: key ID not recognized
[00 03] -- Bad message format
Recognized extension field types:
[00 01] -- signed set of encryption keys
The extension field type 0001 is a signed set of encryption keys; its
body matches the body of the key update command in
[UPDATE-KEYS-CMD]. Whenever sending status [00 02], the introduction
point MUST send this extension field.
3.2.3. Legacy formats [LEGACY-INTRODUCE1]
When the ESTABLISH_INTRO cell format of [LEGACY_EST_INTRO] is used,
INTRODUCE1 cells are of the form:
AUTH_KEYID_HASH [20 bytes]
ENC_KEYID [8 bytes]
Any number of times:
EXT_FIELD_TYPE [1 byte]
EXT_FIELD_LEN [1 byte]
EXT_FIELD [EXTRA_FIELD_LEN bytes]
ZERO [1 byte]
ENCRYPTED [Up to end of relay payload]
Here, AUTH_KEYID_HASH is the hash of the introduction point
authentication key used to establish the introduction.
Because of limitations in older versions of Tor, the relay payload
size for these INTRODUCE1 cells must always be at least 246 bytes, or
they will be rejected as invalid.
3.3. Processing an INTRODUCE2 cell at the hidden service. [PROCESS_INTRO2]
Upon receiving an INTRODUCE2 cell, the hidden service host checks
whether the AUTH_KEYID/AUTH_KEYID_HASH field and the ENC_KEYID fields
are as expected, and match the configured authentication and
encryption key(s) on that circuit.
The service host then checks whether it has received a cell with
these contents before. If it has, it silently drops it as a
replay. (It must maintain a replay cache for as long as it accepts
cells with the same encryption key.)
If the cell is not a replay, it decrypts the ENCRYPTED field,
establishes a shared key with the client, and authenticates the whole
contents of the cell as having been unmodified since they left the
client. There may be multiple ways of decrypting the ENCRYTPED field,
depending on the chosen type of the encryption key. Requirements for
an introduction handshake protocol are described in
[INTRO-HANDSHAKE-REQS]. We specify one below in section
[NTOR-WITH-EXTRA-DATA].
The decrypted plaintext must have the form:
REND_TOKEN [20 bytes]
Any number of times:
EXT_FIELD_TYPE [1 byte]
EXT_FIELD_LEN [1 byte]
EXT_FIELD [EXTRA_FIELD_LEN bytes]
ZERO [1 byte]
ONION_KEY_TYPE [2 bytes]
ONION_KEY [depends on ONION_KEY_TYPE]
NSPEC (Number of link specifiers) [1 byte]
NSPEC times:
LSTYPE (Link specifier type) [1 byte]
LSLEN (Link specifier length) [1 byte]
LSPEC (Link specifier) [LSLEN bytes]
PAD (optional padding) [up to end of plaintext]
Upon processing this plaintext, the hidden service makes sure that
any required authentication is present in the extension fields, and
then extends a rendezvous circuit to the node described in the LSPEC
fields, using the ONION_KEY to complete the extension. As mentioned
in [BUILDING-BLOCKS], the "TLS-over-TCP, IPv4" and "Legacy node
identity" specifiers must be present.
The hidden service SHOULD NOT reject any LSTYPE fields which it
doesn't recognize; instead, it should use them verbatim in its EXTEND
request to the rendezvous point.
The ONION_KEY_TYPE field is one of:
[01] TAP-RSA-1024: ONION_KEY is 128 bytes long.
[02] NTOR: ONION_KEY is 32 bytes long.
The ONION_KEY field describes the onion key that must be used when
extending to the rendezvous point. It must be of a type listed as
supported in the hidden service descriptor.
Upon receiving a well-formed INTRODUCE2 cell, the hidden service host
will have:
* The information needed to connect to the client's chosen
rendezvous point.
* The second half of a handshake to authenticate and establish a
shared key with the hidden service client.
* A set of shared keys to use for end-to-end encryption.
3.3.1. Introduction handshake encryption requirements [INTRO-HANDSHAKE-REQS]
When decoding the encrypted information in an INTRODUCE2 cell, a
hidden service host must be able to:
* Decrypt additional information included in the INTRODUCE2 cell,
to include the rendezvous token and the information needed to
extend to the rendezvous point.
* Establish a set of shared keys for use with the client.
* Authenticate that the cell has not been modified since the client
generated it.
Note that the old TAP-derived protocol of the previous hidden service
design achieved the first two requirements, but not the third.
3.3.2. Example encryption handshake: ntor with extra data [NTOR-WITH-EXTRA-DATA]
This is a variant of the ntor handshake (see tor-spec.txt, section
5.1.4; see proposal 216; and see "Anonymity and one-way
authentication in key-exchange protocols" by Goldberg, Stebila, and
Ustaoglu).
It behaves the same as the ntor handshake, except that, in addition
to negotiating forward secure keys, it also provides a means for
encrypting non-forward-secure data to the server (in this case, to
the hidden service host) as part of the handshake.
Notation here is as in section 5.1.4 of tor-spec.txt, which defines
the ntor handshake.
The PROTOID for this variant is
"hidden-service-ntor-curve25519-sha256-1". Define the tweak value
t_hsenc, and the tag value m_hsexpand as:
t_hsenc = PROTOID | ":hs_key_extract"
m_hsexpand = PROTOID | ":hs_key_expand"
To make an INTRODUCE cell, the client must know a public encryption
key B for the hidden service on this introduction circuit. The client
generates a single-use keypair:
x,X = KEYGEN()
and computes:
secret_hs_input = EXP(B,x) | AUTH_KEYID | X | B | PROTOID
info = m_hsexpand | subcredential
hs_keys = HKDF(secret_hs_input, t_hsenc, info,
S_KEY_LEN+MAC_LEN)
ENC_KEY = hs_keys[0:S_KEY_LEN]
MAC_KEY = hs_keys[S_KEY_LEN:S_KEY_LEN+MAC_KEY_LEN]
and sends, as the ENCRYPTED part of the INTRODUCE1 cell:
CLIENT_PK [G_LENGTH bytes]
ENCRYPTED_DATA [Padded to length of plaintext]
MAC [MAC_LEN bytes]
Substituting those fields into the INTRODUCE1 cell body format
described in [FMT_INTRO1] above, we have
AUTH_KEYID [32 bytes]
ENC_KEYID [8 bytes]
Any number of times:
EXT_FIELD_TYPE [1 byte]
EXT_FIELD_LEN [1 byte]
EXT_FIELD [EXTRA_FIELD_LEN bytes]
ZERO [1 byte]
ENCRYPTED:
CLIENT_PK [G_LENGTH bytes]
ENCRYPTED_DATA [Padded to length of plaintext]
MAC [MAC_LEN bytes]
(This format is as documented in [FMT_INTRO1] above, except that here
we describe how to build the ENCRYPTED portion. If the introduction
point is running an older Tor that does not support this protocol,
the first field is replaced by a 20-byte AUTH_KEYID_HASH field as
described in [LEGACY-INTRODUCE1].)
Here, the encryption key plays the role of B in the regular ntor
handshake, and the AUTH_KEYID field plays the role of the node ID.
The CLIENT_PK field is the public key X. The ENCRYPTED_DATA field is
the message plaintext, encrypted with the symmetric key ENC_KEY. The
MAC field is a MAC of all of the cell from the AUTH_KEYID through the
end of ENCRYPTED_DATA, using the MAC_KEY value as its key.
To process this format, the hidden service checks PK_VALID(CLIENT_PK)
as necessary, and then computes ENC_KEY and MAC_KEY as the client did
above, except using EXP(CLIENT_PK,b) in the calculation of
secret_hs_input. The service host then checks whether the MAC is
correct. If it is invalid, it drops the cell. Otherwise, it computes
the plaintext by decrypting ENCRYPTED_DATA.
The hidden service host now completes the service side of the
extended ntor handshake, as described in tor-spec.txt section 5.1.4,
with the modified PROTOID as given above. To be explicit, the hidden
service host generates a keypair of y,Y = KEYGEN(), and uses its
introduction point encryption key 'b' to computes:
xb = EXP(X,b)
secret_hs_input = xb | AUTH_KEYID | X | B | PROTOID
info = m_hsexpand | subcredential
hs_keys = HKDF(secret_hs_input, t_hsenc, info,
S_KEY_LEN+MAC_LEN)
HS_DEC_KEY = hs_keys[0:S_KEY_LEN]
HS_MAC_KEY = hs_keys[S_KEY_LEN:S_KEY_LEN+MAC_KEY_LEN]
(The above are used to check the MAC and then decrypt the
encrypted data.)
ntor_secret_input = EXP(X,y) | xb | ID | B | X | Y | PROTOID
NTOR_KEY_SEED = H(secret_input, t_key)
verify = H(secret_input, t_verify)
auth_input = verify | ID | B | Y | X | PROTOID | "Server"
(The above are used to finish the ntor handshake.)
The server's handshake reply is:
SERVER_PK Y [G_LENGTH bytes]
AUTH H(auth_input, t_mac) [H_LENGTH bytes]
These faileds can be send to the client in a RENDEZVOUS1 cell.
(See [JOIN_REND] below.)
The hidden service host now also knows the keys generated by the
handshake, which it will use to encrypt and authenticate data
end-to-end between the client and the server. These keys are as
computed in tor-spec.txt section 5.1.4.
3.4. Authentication during the introduction phase. [INTRO-AUTH]
Hidden services may restrict access only to authorized users. One
mechanism to do so is the credential mechanism, where only users who
know the credential for a hidden service may connect at all. For more
fine-grained conntrol, a hidden service can be configured with
password-based or public-key-based authentication.
3.4.1. Password-based authentication.
To authenticate with a password, the user must include an extension
field in the encrypted part of the INTRODUCE cell with an
EXT_FIELD_TYPE type of [01] and the contents:
Username [00] Password.
The username may not include any [00] bytes. The password may.
On the server side, the password MUST be stored hashed and salted,
ideally with scrypt or something better.
3.4.2. Ed25519-based authentication.
To authenticate with an Ed25519 private key, the user must include an
extension field in the encrypted part of the INTRODUCE cell with an
EXT_FIELD_TYPE type of [02] and the contents:
Nonce [16 bytes]
Pubkey [32 bytes]
Signature [64 bytes]
Nonce is a random value. Pubkey is the public key that will be used
to authenticate. [TODO: should this be an identifier for the public
key instead?] Signature is the signature, using Ed25519, of:
"Hidserv-userauth-ed25519"
Nonce (same as above)
Pubkey (same as above)
AUTH_KEYID (As in the INTRODUCE1 cell)
ENC_KEYID (As in the INTRODUCE1 cell)
The hidden service host checks this by seeing whether it recognizes
and would accept a signature from the provided public key. If it
would, then it checks whether the signature is correct. If it is,
then the correct user has authenticated.
Replay prevention on the whole cell is sufficient to prevent replays
on the authentication.
Users SHOULD NOT use the same public key with multiple hidden
services.
4. The rendezvous protocol
Before connecting to a hidden service, the client first builds a
circuit to an arbitrarily chosen Tor node (known as the rendezvous
point), and sends an ESTABLISH_RENDEZVOUS cell. The hidden service
later connects to the same node and sends a RENDEZVOUS cell. Once
this has occurred, the relay forwards the contents of the RENDEZVOUS
cell to the client, and joins the two circuits together.
4.1. Establishing a rendezvous point [EST_REND_POINT]
The client sends the rendezvous point a
RELAY_COMMAND_ESTABLISH_RENDEZVOUS cell containing a 20-byte value.
RENDEZVOUS_COOKIE [20 bytes]
Rendezvous points MUST ignore any extra bytes in an
ESTABLISH_RENDEZVOUS message. (Older versions of Tor did not.)
The rendezvous cookie is an arbitrary 20-byte value, chosen randomly
by the client. The client SHOULD choose a new rendezvous cookie for
each new connection attempt. If the rendezvous cookie is already in
use on an existing circuit, the rendezvous point should reject it and
destroy the circuit.
Upon receiving a ESTABLISH_RENDEZVOUS cell, the rendezvous point
associates the cookie with the circuit on which it was sent. It
replies to the client with an empty RENDEZVOUS_ESTABLISHED cell to
indicate success. [TODO: make this extensible]
The client MUST NOT use the circuit which sent the cell for any
purpose other than rendezvous with the given location-hidden service.
The client should establish a rendezvous point BEFORE trying to
connect to a hidden service.
4.2. Joining to a rendezvous point [JOIN_REND]
To complete a rendezvous, the hidden service host builds a circuit to
the rendezvous point and sends a RENDEZVOUS1 cell containing:
RENDEZVOUS_COOKIE [20 bytes]
HANDSHAKE_INFO [variable; depends on handshake type
used.]
If the cookie matches the rendezvous cookie set on any
not-yet-connected circuit on the rendezvous point, the rendezvous
point connects the two circuits, and sends a RENDEZVOUS2 cell to the
client containing the contents of the RENDEZVOUS1 cell.
Upon receiving the RENDEZVOUS2 cell, the client verifies that the
HANDSHAKE_INFO correctly completes a handshake, and uses the
handshake output to derive shared keys for use on the circuit.
[TODO: Should we encrypt HANDSHAKE_INFO as we did INTRODUCE2
contents? It's not necessary, but it could be wise. Similarly, we
should make it extensible.]
4.3. Using legacy hosts as rendezvous points
The behavior of ESTABLISH_RENDEZVOUS is unchanged from older versions
of this protocol, except that relays should now ignore unexpected
bytes at the end.
Old versions of Tor required that RENDEZVOUS cell payloads be exactly
168 bytes long. All shorter rendezvous payloads should be padded to
this length with [00] bytes.
5. Encrypting data between client and host
A successfully completed handshake, as embedded in the
INTRODUCE/RENDEZVOUS cells, gives the client and hidden service host
a shared set of keys Kf, Kb, Df, Db, which they use for sending
end-to-end traffic encryption and authentication as in the regular
Tor relay encryption protocol, applying encryption with these keys
before other encryption, and decrypting with these keys before other
encryption. The client encrypts with Kf and decrypts with Kb; the
service host does the opposite.
6. Open Questions:
Scaling hidden services is hard. There are on-going discussions that
you might be able to help with. See [SCALING-REFS].
How can we improve the HSDir unpredictability design proposed in
[SHAREDRANDOM]? See [SHAREDRANDOM-REFS] for discussion.
How can hidden service addresses become memorable while retaining
their self-authenticating and decentralized nature? See
[HUMANE-HSADDRESSES-REFS] for some proposals; many more are possible.
Hidden Services are pretty slow. Both because of the lengthy setup
procedure and because the final circuit has 6 hops. How can we make
the Hidden Service protocol faster? See [PERFORMANCE-REFS] for some
suggestions.
References:
[KEYBLIND-REFS]:
https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/ticket/8106
https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-dev/2012-September/004026.html
[SHAREDRANDOM-REFS]:
https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/ticket/8244
https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-dev/2013-November/005847.html
https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-talk/2013-November/031230.html
[SCALING-REFS]:
https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-dev/2013-October/005556.html
[HUMANE-HSADDRESSES-REFS]:
https://gitweb.torproject.org/torspec.git/blob/HEAD:/proposals/ideas/xxx-on…
http://archives.seul.org/or/dev/Dec-2011/msg00034.html
[PERFORMANCE-REFS]:
"Improving Efficiency and Simplicity of Tor circuit
establishment and hidden services" by Overlier, L., and
P. Syverson
[TODO: Need more here! Do we have any? :( ]
[ATTACK-REFS]:
"Trawling for Tor Hidden Services: Detection, Measurement,
Deanonymization" by Alex Biryukov, Ivan Pustogarov,
Ralf-Philipp Weinmann
"Locating Hidden Servers" by Lasse Øverlier and Paul
Syverson
[ED25519-REFS]:
"High-speed high-security signatures" by Daniel
J. Bernstein, Niels Duif, Tanja Lange, Peter Schwabe, and
Bo-Yin Yang. http://cr.yp.to/papers.html#ed25519
Appendix A. Signature scheme with key blinding [KEYBLIND]
As described in [IMD:DIST] and [SUBCRED] above, we require a "key
blinding" system that works (roughly) as follows:
There is a master keypair (sk, pk).
Given the keypair and a nonce n, there is a derivation function
that gives a new blinded keypair (sk_n, pk_n). This keypair can
be used for signing.
Given only the public key and the nonce, there is a function
that gives pk_n.
Without knowing pk, it is not possible to derive pk_n; without
knowing sk, it is not possible to derive sk_n.
It's possible to check that a signature make with sk_n while
knowing only pk_n.
Someone who sees a large number of blinded public keys and
signatures made using those public keys can't tell which
signatures and which blinded keys were derived from the same
master keypair.
You can't forge signatures.
[TODO: Insert a more rigorous definition and better references.]
We propose the following scheme for key blinding, based on Ed25519.
(This is an ECC group, so remember that scalar multiplication is the
trapdoor function, and it's defined in terms of iterated point
addition. See the Ed25519 paper [Reference ED25519-REFS] for a fairly
clear writeup.)
Let the basepoint be written as B. Assume B has prime order l, so
lB=0. Let a master keypair be written as (a,A), where a is the private
key and A is the public key (A=aB).
To derive the key for a nonce N and an optional secret s, compute the
blinding factor h as H(A | s, B, N), and let:
private key for the period: a' = h a
public key for the period: A' = h' A = (ha)B
Generating a signature of M: given a deterministic random-looking r
(see EdDSA paper), take R=rB, S=r+hash(R,A',M)ah mod l. Send signature
(R,S) and public key A'.
Verifying the signature: Check whether SB = R+hash(R,A',M)A'.
(If the signature is valid,
SB = (r + hash(R,A',M)ah)B
= rB + (hash(R,A',M)ah)B
= R + hash(R,A',M)A' )
See [KEYBLIND-REFS] for an extensive discussion on this scheme and
possible alternatives. I've transcribed this from a description by
Tanja Lange at the end of the thread. [TODO: We'll want a proof for
this.]
(To use this with Tor, set N = INT_8(period-number) | INT_8(Start of
period in seconds since epoch).)
Appendix B. Selecting nodes [PICKNODES]
Picking introduction points
Picking rendezvous points
Building paths
Reusing circuits
(TODO: This needs a writeup)
Appendix C. Recommendations for searching for vanity .onions [VANITY]
EDITORIAL NOTE: The author thinks that it's silly to brute-force the
keyspace for a key that, when base-32 encoded, spells out the name of
your website. It also feels a bit dangerous to me. If you train your
users to connect to
llamanymityx4fi3l6x2gyzmtmgxjyqyorj9qsb5r543izcwymle.onion
I worry that you're making it easier for somebody to trick them into
connecting to
llamanymityb4sqi0ta0tsw6uovyhwlezkcrmczeuzdvfauuemle.onion
Nevertheless, people are probably going to try to do this, so here's a
decent algorithm to use.
To search for a public key with some criterion X:
Generate a random (sk,pk) pair.
While pk does not satisfy X:
Add the number 1 to sk
Add the scalar B to pk
Return sk, pk.
This algorithm is safe [source: djb, personal communication] [TODO:
Make sure I understood correctly!] so long as only the final (sk,pk)
pair is used, and all previous values are discarded.
To parallelize this algorithm, start with an independent (sk,pk) pair
generated for each independent thread, and let each search proceed
independently.
Appendix D. Numeric values reserved in this document
[TODO: collect all the lists of commands and values mentioned above]
8
22
The meek pluggable transport is currently running on the bridge I run,
which also happens to be the backend bridge for flash proxy. I'd like to
move it to a fast relay run by an experienced operator. I want to do
this both to diffuse trust, so that I don't run all the infrastructure,
and because my bridge is not especially fast and I'm not especially
adept at performance tuning.
All you will need to do is run the meek-server program, add some lines
to your torrc, and update the software when I ask you to. The more CPU,
memory, and bandwidth you have, the better, though at this point usage
is low enough that you won't even notice it if you are already running a
fast relay. I think it will help if your bridge is located in the U.S.,
because that reduces latency from Google App Engine.
The meek-server plugin is basically just a little web server:
https://gitweb.torproject.org/pluggable-transports/meek.git/tree/HEAD:/meek…
Since meek works differently than obfs3, for example, it doesn't help us
to have hundreds of medium-fast bridges. We need one (or maybe two or
three) big fat fast relays, because all the traffic that is bounced
through App Engine or Amazon will be pointed at it.
My PGP key is at https://www.bamsoftware.com/david/david.asc if you want
to talk about it.
David Fifield
6
11

18 Feb '15
Hi everyone,
I am attaching the conversation from the assistants list over.
Here is the TL;DR: I want to write my master's thesis on Tor,
preferrably on a topic that has to do with Hidden Services and/or
Cryptography in Tor.
I have followed George's recommendations and read through some of the
sources provided. In the end, several topics seem appealing to me, but
before moving on I'd like to get some feedback from you guys on whether
you'd consider the topics worth researching or even have some additional
ideas.
HSDir tracking: I have taken a look at the idea of PIR (
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_information_retrieval) and the
problem associated with getting HS descriptiors. I have only looked at
the theory of PIR so far and not yet an idea of how this can be
accomplished (and to what extend) in practice.
Certificates for HS: I find this topic particularly interesting and have
followed the discussion. The general concept seems like a great thing to
achieve and it could actually outperform the regular SSL/CA
infrastructure stuff as it could remove the need for CAs. Unfortunately,
this seems something that is not extensive enough to warrant a whole
thesis. If you guys think otherwise, please let me know.
Tor with mix features: Tor has the explicit goal of being a low-latency
network. However, there are several protocols where high-latency would
be acceptable. I liked the idea of high latency HSes
(https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-dev/2014-November/007818.html)
I'd like to know what you think about this idea being viable. It would
have the advantage of being very flexible from just a theoretic
evaluation down to a real implementation so I could adjust this to my
time. But only if this is actually desired so it does not need to stay
theoretic. I think it would be very interesting to evaluate whether this
can improve or hurt anonymity of low-latency users, as well.
Traffic confirmation attacks: This is here more or less for
completeness. I know this topic is open for several years and would be
one of the most powerful countermeasures to deploy but unless someone
has started on something that I could build upon, I don't see myself
coming up with something useful here.
Guard discovery attacks: I have only read roughly what these attacks
are. I'd like to know if it would make sense to take a deeper look here,
i.e. you think extensive research is needed on that topic.
Improving crypto for HSes: The blog entry on HS
(https://blog.torproject.org/blog/hidden-services-need-some-love)
vaguely states that crypto for HSes could be improved. However, the
article is over a year old and I know the new rend-spec-ng exists, so
I'd like to know whether there's anything here to work on. I have a
fairly good background on cryptography, so I'd like to help here if help
is needed.
Cryptography: There's two proposal ideas, one from 2010
(https://gitweb.torproject.org/torspec.git/blob/HEAD:/proposals/ideas/xxx-cr…)
and one from 2011
(https://gitweb.torproject.org/torspec.git/blob/HEAD:/proposals/ideas/xxx-ne…)
which builds on that. Has some of this been addressed? Is this still
being worked on or just leftover that has already been integrated to the
desired level? Would an analysis of the cryptography used in Tor make
sense to you, i.e. building on those documents reviewing where and how
Tor uses cryptography to secure its operations and evaluating the
methods used?
Onion addresses: I took a look at several approaches around
censorship-resistant lookups, e.g. the GNS (see George's recommendation
below) and Aarown Swartz's proposal on squaring Zooko's triangle by
achieving all three properties. I think it would be a cool thing if it
were actually possible to improve onion addresses to be human-readable,
especially when they get longer by using bigger keys in the future
(since 80 bit won't suffice). I don't know if this is actually possible
(I see some issues on Aaron's proposal and Dan Kaminsky confirmed them)
but working out a scheme that makes handling the names easier for users
while not sacrificing the security would help a lot, I think.
This would be the bigger topics I have found on which I could see myself
building a thesis. I also stumbled upon smaller research questions (e.g.
whether running a bridge/relay is good, bad or doesn't make a difference
for anonymity) but none of those warrant a full 6 month thesis so I
discarded them for the moment.
If you could take the time to evaluate my ideas and let me know what you
think, I'd greatly appreciate that. The hardest thing here as an
outsider is to assess the current situation and figure out where work is
actually needed and where problems/issues have already been addressed so
any help from you guys would really help me.
Thanks in advance & Regards,
Florian Rüchel
P.S.: George:
> I'm about to relocate, so my reply will be short! Come and find us in
> CCC for more.
Unfortuantely, I don't know what you mean by CCC :(
> Ah, I'm also a fan of the FluxFingers team :)
Great! Have played some CTFs for yourselves, then? Are you member of a team?
Thanks for your quick reply, it has helped me a great deal moving
forward on this project.
On 12.11.2014 23:15, George Kadianakis wrote:
> Florian Rüchel <florian.ruechel.tor(a)inexplicity.de> writes:
>
>> Hello everyone,
>>
>> I am about to write my master's thesis and am evaluating Tor as my
>> research topic. I have read through several documents (including the
>> Ideas page of the research page and the Research page on the Volunteer's
>> page). I also read "Hidden Services need some love"
>> (https://blog.torproject.org/blog/hidden-services-need-some-love) and
>> especially followed the section on cryptography (reading both proposals)
>> with great interest.
>>
>> Before diving into more of those documents that are available, I noticed
>> you encourage people to contact you through this list should they wish
>> to conduct research. Right now I am in a very early state as I have not
>> chosen a topic yet. In my choice I want to do something that benefits
>> the Tor network, satisfies my professor and involves topics I generally
>> care for.
>>
>> As noted above, I took particular interest in Hidden Services and
>> general cryptography used by Tor. So if possible, I would like to have
>> those two (or one of those topics) to focus my thesis on. Of course, I
>> need to define my topic in such a way that it fits my time schedule
>> (half a year, full-time) and that my professor accepts it.
>>
>> Now, before moving any further I'd like to know if there are any further
>> documents I should read that are more up to date than the documents
>> indicated above (especially the crypto specs are from 2010/2011 so I
>> don't know how far the network has moved here). It would also be
>> interesting to know whether some of the issues described for Hidden
>> Services are already addressed and whether my research would be better
>> directed somewhere else.
>>
>> I would be glad if you could take the time to respond to my request so
>> as to help me define my topic better.
>>
> Greetings,
>
> I'm about to relocate, so my reply will be short! Come and find us in
> CCC for more.
>
> I'd first suggest you to join and skim over the [tor-dev] mailing list:
> https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-dev/
> Especially this month there has been an increase of threads about
> hidden services, so I'd suggest you to check it out.
>
> I'd also suggest you to read the recent blog post about the attacks
> against HSes:
> https://blog.torproject.org/blog/thoughts-and-concerns-about-operation-onym…
>
> The blog post offers plenty of material for research, since it lists
> various attacks and issues with the security of HSes that we need to
> fix and would definitely benefit from further thinking. Check the
> guard discovery [tor-dev] thread for example.
>
> Also check this recent thread:
> https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-dev/2014-October/007642.html
> which is part of figuring out work for a funded project. Most of those
> tasks are not very interesting for you, but you can find deeper
> research questions in some of them.
>
> Another guy recently did his thesis on HS scaling:
> https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-dev/2014-April/006788.html
>
> There is also this stuff:
> https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-dev/2013-November/005878.html
> related to the HSDir hashring in rend-spec-ng.txt.
>
> And check out the "Trawling Hidden Services" paper by Ralf et al.
>
> For example, on a more key management tone, petname systems for HSes
> would be very interesting, which is related to the recent work of
> GNUNet with GNS:
> https://gnunet.org/gns
>
> BTW, keep in mind that some of these projects will be moving during
> the next year.
>
> Also, if you have public questions which would benefit more people, it
> would be great if you could post in [tor-dev] instead of here. It's
> good to answer obscure HS questions in public so that more people can
> understand the protocol.
>
> Ah, I'm also a fan of the FluxFingers team :)
>
> Thanks for the interest and hope this was useful.
7
9
Hello people,
for the past few months we've been working on getting better
statistics for hidden services [0].
The questions we are trying to answer are "Approximately how many
hidden services are there?" and "Approximately how much traffic of the
Tor network is going to hidden services?".
We can answer these questions by collecting statistics from Tor
relays: specifically, from hidden service directories (HSDirs) and
rendezvous points. In our design, these relays first obfuscate the
statistics before publishing them, so that the numbers themselves are
not entirely precise [1]. We specify how exactly these statistics are
collected in proposal 238-hs-relay-stats.txt [2].
We have also developed a Tor branch [3] implementing that proposal
that people can run on their relays to start collecting hidden service
statistics. The corresponding trac ticket is #13192 if you want to
follow the developer discussion [4].
Our plan is that in approximately a week we will ask volunteers to run
the branch. Then in a month from now we will use those stats to write
a blog post about the approximate size of Tor hidden services network
and the approximate traffic it's pushing.
Till then please review our design and code and provide us with feedback :)
Thanks!
George Kadianakis
Karsten Loesing
Aaron Johnson
David Goulet
[0]: https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/org/sponsors/SponsorR
https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-dev/2014-October/007642.html
[1]: see threads for discussion:
https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-dev/2014-November/007816.html
https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-dev/2014-December/007928.html
[2]: https://gitweb.torproject.org/user/asn/torspec.git/tree/proposals/238-hs-re…
[3]: https://gitweb.torproject.org/karsten/tor.git/log/?h=task-13192-5
[4]: https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/ticket/13192
2
2
The "Bridge users by transport" [1] graph on metrics.torproject.org
abruptly stops at Dec. 12 for all transports.
Has anyone had an opportunity to troubleshoot this issue?
-Kevin
[1]
https://metrics.torproject.org/userstats-bridge-transport.html?graph=userst…
4
8
Hi,
Tor Messenger is an instant messaging client currently under
development. It is designed to make connections using the Tor network
and will therefore be a valuable piece in the privacy-enhancing software
toolkit (web: Tor Browser, email: Thunderbird + TorBirdy, chat: Tor
Messenger.)
Based on the Instantbird IM client [0], Tor Messenger:
- sends all traffic over Tor,
- uses Off-the-Record (OTR) encryption [1] of conversations by default,
- can be used with a wide variety of chat networks,
- has an easy-to-use graphical user interface localized into multiple
languages.
Some more information about Tor Messenger (and why we picked
Instantbird) can be found on the wiki [2].
Current Status
We have Tor Messenger bundles for Linux (32-bit and 64-bit) with OTR
(using ctypes-otr [4]) and Tor support (Tor binary and Tor Launcher
included), among other privacy settings. We are doing automated builds
of Tor Messenger using rbm [5] (thanks to Nicolas Vigier).
@@@ WARNING: NOT READY FOR PUBLIC USE. DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. @@@
Bundles
Linux (32-bit)
https://people.torproject.org/~sukhbir/tor-messenger-0.0.4/tor-messenger-0.…
Linux (64-bit)
https://people.torproject.org/~sukhbir/tor-messenger-0.0.4/tor-messenger-0.…
sha256sum
https://people.torproject.org/~sukhbir/tor-messenger-0.0.4/sha256sums.txt
https://people.torproject.org/~sukhbir/tor-messenger-0.0.4/sha256sums.txt.a…
The bundles are signed with my key (Sukhbir Singh; 0xB297B391).
Extract the bundles and then run: ./start-tor-messenger.
This is an early release and there may be serious privacy leaks and
other issues -- please DO NOT recommend Tor Messenger to end users; this
release is only for developers and advanced users who would like to help
us with testing but understand the risks involved with using alpha
software. Do not ignore this warning.
We will try to have a monthly release cycle leading up to a stable
release by July 2015.
@@@ WARNING: NOT READY FOR PUBLIC USE. DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. @@@
Feedback
With this release, we invite feedback not limited to anonymity leaks,
usability issues, feature requests and suggestions for improvement.
Please submit your feedback using the bug tracker [3] (select the "Tor
Messenger" component). You can also talk to us on this mailing list or
on IRC.
(No seriously, don't use the bundles for any serious communication yet.)
[0] - http://instantbird.com/
[1] - https://otr.cypherpunks.ca/
[2] - https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/doc/TorMessenger
[3] - https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/newticket
[4] - https://github.com/arlolra/ctypes-otr
[5] - http://rbm.boklm.eu/
Thanks,
Arlo Breault and Sukhbir Singh
5
5
Hi everyone,
Operation Onymous, the anecdotes about it (I don't think the DoS was a
DoS), the wording of the related legal documents, and the previous CMU
research... make me think that traffic confirmation attacks are now
widely used in practice. Other, cat-and-mouse implemetation
vulnerabilities may be diversions or parallel construction.
This kind of attack would mean it's game over for HS that use HTTP or
other low-latency protocols.
Has there been research on integrating high-latency message delivery
protocols with the hidden service model of location hiding? The
SecureDrop or Pynchon Gate protocols sound like good starting points.
I would love to participate, and encourage everyone to start in this
direction (in your copious free time ;).
Mansour
7
17
What's a good way to inform support of issues that users might run into?
Should I just send email to help(a)rt.torproject.org, or is there a better
way?
I was thinking about this today because meek is broken in the 4.5-alpha
series, but not in the main 4.0 series. I don't know if anyone told
support workers about it, even though it might matter to them.
https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/ticket/13788
https://blog.torproject.org/blog/tor-browser-45-alpha-1-released#comment-79…
https://blog.torproject.org/blog/tor-browser-45-alpha-2-released#comment-81…
David Fifield
2
2
Hi all,
After reading the Tor spec [1] I did some digging and realized that the
old handshakes and link protocols (v1 (certs up-front) and v2
(renegotiation)) are not used anymore as of 0.2.3.6-alpha which
introduced link proto v3.
Supporting v1 and v2 requires (among other things) supporting SSLv3
which (imho) should be deprecated everywhere.
This makes me wonder why Tor still supports these: is it for
compatibility with even older versions (consensus health says no) or are
there other reasons? If someone were to invest a couple of hours and
remove all support for them from the Tor code and the Tor spec, would
this hurt the network or would it be a welcome patch?
Tom
[1] https://gitweb.torproject.org/torspec.git/tree/tor-spec.txt
6
15
The Trac spam filter just caused me to lose a comment full of carefully
researched external links. It's not the first time, and it's really
frustrating. Can we whitelist usernames or something?
Submission rejected as potential spam
Maximum number of external links per post exceeded
I tried to solve the recaptcha five times (they were really hard) and
when I finally solved it, the comment wasn't posted anyway.
David Fifield
1
0