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[tor/maint-0.2.2] Merge remote branch 'arma/bug2716' into maint-0.2.2
by nickm＠torproject.org 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

commit b639add1a010d5816ceb693c68ddc3b48655b752 Merge: d34a5cd 61f648a Author: Nick Mathewson <nickm(a)torproject.org> Date: Mon Mar 14 15:29:02 2011 -0400 Merge remote branch 'arma/bug2716' into maint-0.2.2 changes/bug2716 | 5 +++++ src/or/dirserv.c | 22 ++++++++++++++++------ src/or/dirserv.h | 12 ++++++++++++ src/or/main.c | 7 +++++-- 4 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --combined src/or/dirserv.c index 40136a1,09da66d..18abd18 --- a/src/or/dirserv.c +++ b/src/or/dirserv.c @@@ -43,8 -43,6 +43,8 @@@ extern time_t time_of_process_start; /* from main.c */ +extern long stats_n_seconds_working; /* from main.c */ + /** Do we need to regenerate the v1 directory when someone asks for it? */ static time_t the_directory_is_dirty = 1; /** Do we need to regenerate the v1 runningrouters document when somebody @@@ -971,8 -969,18 +971,18 @@@ dirserv_set_router_is_running(routerinf } if (!answer && running_long_enough_to_decide_unreachable()) { - /* not considered reachable. tell rephist. */ - rep_hist_note_router_unreachable(router->cache_info.identity_digest, now); + /* Not considered reachable. tell rephist about that. + + Because we launch a reachability test for each router every + REACHABILITY_TEST_CYCLE_PERIOD seconds, then the router has probably + been down since at least that time after we last successfully reached + it. + */ + time_t when = now; + if (router->last_reachable && + router->last_reachable + REACHABILITY_TEST_CYCLE_PERIOD < now) + when = router->last_reachable + REACHABILITY_TEST_CYCLE_PERIOD; + rep_hist_note_router_unreachable(router->cache_info.identity_digest, when); } router->is_running = answer; @@@ -1777,22 -1785,7 +1787,22 @@@ dirserv_thinks_router_is_unreliable(tim static int dirserv_thinks_router_is_hs_dir(routerinfo_t *router, time_t now) { - long uptime = real_uptime(router, now); + + long uptime; + + /* If we haven't been running for at least + * get_options()->MinUptimeHidServDirectoryV2 seconds, we can't + * have accurate data telling us a relay has been up for at least + * that long. We also want to allow a bit of slack: Reachability + * tests aren't instant. If we haven't been running long enough, + * trust the relay. */ + + if (stats_n_seconds_working > + get_options()->MinUptimeHidServDirectoryV2 * 1.1) + uptime = MIN(rep_hist_get_uptime(router->cache_info.identity_digest, now), + real_uptime(router, now)); + else + uptime = real_uptime(router, now); /* XXX We shouldn't need to check dir_port, but we do because of * bug 1693. In the future, once relays set wants_to_be_hs_dir @@@ -3204,8 -3197,8 +3214,8 @@@ dirserv_single_reachability_test(time_ * try a few connections per call. * * The load balancing is such that if we get called once every ten - * seconds, we will cycle through all the tests in 1280 seconds (a - * bit over 20 minutes). + * seconds, we will cycle through all the tests in + * REACHABILITY_TEST_CYCLE_PERIOD seconds (a bit over 20 minutes). */ void dirserv_test_reachability(time_t now) @@@ -3231,11 -3224,11 +3241,11 @@@ continue; /* bridge authorities only test reachability on bridges */ // if (router->cache_info.published_on > cutoff) // continue; - if ((((uint8_t)id_digest[0]) % 128) == ctr) { + if ((((uint8_t)id_digest[0]) % REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST) == ctr) { dirserv_single_reachability_test(now, router); } } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(router); - ctr = (ctr + 1) % 128; /* increment ctr */ + ctr = (ctr + 1) % REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST; /* increment ctr */ } /** Given a fingerprint <b>fp</b> which is either set if we're looking for a

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[tor/maint-0.2.2] Tweak bug2716 patch a little
by nickm＠torproject.org 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

commit 176fde505fde38afa56ddce04606118b9080546e Author: Nick Mathewson <nickm(a)torproject.org> Date: Sat Mar 12 00:19:52 2011 -0500 Tweak bug2716 patch a little Name the magic value "10" rather than re-deriving it. Comment more. Use the pattern that works for periodic timers, not the pattern that doesn't work. ;) --- src/or/dirserv.c | 12 +++++++++--- src/or/dirserv.h | 6 +++++- src/or/main.c | 4 +++- 3 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/src/or/dirserv.c b/src/or/dirserv.c index 7386927..b68e005 100644 --- a/src/or/dirserv.c +++ b/src/or/dirserv.c @@ -969,11 +969,17 @@ dirserv_set_router_is_running(routerinfo_t *router, time_t now) } if (!answer && running_long_enough_to_decide_unreachable()) { - /* not considered reachable. tell rephist. */ + /* Not considered reachable. tell rephist about that. + + Because we launch a reachability test for each router every + REACHABILITY_TEST_CYCLE_PERIOD seconds, then the router has probably + been down since at least that time after we last successfully reached + it. + */ time_t when = now; if (router->last_reachable && - router->last_reachable + REACHABILITY_TEST_PERIOD < now) - when = router->last_reachable + REACHABILITY_TEST_PERIOD; + router->last_reachable + REACHABILITY_TEST_CYCLE_PERIOD < now) + when = router->last_reachable + REACHABILITY_TEST_CYCLE_PERIOD; rep_hist_note_router_unreachable(router->cache_info.identity_digest, when); } diff --git a/src/or/dirserv.h b/src/or/dirserv.h index 949482b..569abfc 100644 --- a/src/or/dirserv.h +++ b/src/or/dirserv.h @@ -17,8 +17,12 @@ * test? */ #define REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST 128 +/** How often (in seconds) do we launch reachability tests? */ +#define REACHABILITY_TEST_INTERVAL 10 + /** How many seconds apart are the reachability tests for a given relay? */ -#define REACHABILITY_TEST_PERIOD (10*REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST) +#define REACHABILITY_TEST_CYCLE_PERIOD \ + (REACHABILITY_TEST_INTERVAL*REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST) /** Maximum length of an exit policy summary. */ #define MAX_EXITPOLICY_SUMMARY_LEN 1000 diff --git a/src/or/main.c b/src/or/main.c index 558608e..214a4fa 100644 --- a/src/or/main.c +++ b/src/or/main.c @@ -872,6 +872,7 @@ run_scheduled_events(time_t now) static time_t time_to_check_for_expired_networkstatus = 0; static time_t time_to_write_stats_files = 0; static time_t time_to_write_bridge_stats = 0; + static time_t time_to_launch_reachability_tests = 0; static int should_init_bridge_stats = 1; static time_t time_to_retry_dns_init = 0; or_options_t *options = get_options(); @@ -962,9 +963,10 @@ run_scheduled_events(time_t now) if (accounting_is_enabled(options)) accounting_run_housekeeping(now); - if (now % REACHABILITY_TEST_PERIOD/REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST == 0 && + if (time_to_launch_reachability_tests < now && (authdir_mode_tests_reachability(options)) && !we_are_hibernating()) { + time_to_launch_reachability_tests = now + REACHABILITY_TEST_INTERVAL; /* try to determine reachability of the other Tor relays */ dirserv_test_reachability(now); }

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[tor/maint-0.2.2] improve accuracy for when a relay went unreachable
by nickm＠torproject.org 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

commit 977e396e866052a20de73f4e8121e514d4eff774 Author: Roger Dingledine <arma(a)torproject.org> Date: Fri Mar 11 22:12:15 2011 -0500 improve accuracy for when a relay went unreachable --- changes/bug2716 | 5 +++++ src/or/dirserv.c | 13 +++++++++---- src/or/dirserv.h | 8 ++++++++ src/or/main.c | 5 +++-- 4 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/changes/bug2716 b/changes/bug2716 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4663ed3 --- /dev/null +++ b/changes/bug2716 @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + o Minor features: + - When a relay has failed several reachability tests, be more accurate + at recording when it became unreachable, so we can in turn provide + more accuracy at assigning Stable, Guard, HSDir, etc flags. Bugfix + on 0.2.0.6-alpha. Resolves bug 2716. diff --git a/src/or/dirserv.c b/src/or/dirserv.c index aeeab45..7386927 100644 --- a/src/or/dirserv.c +++ b/src/or/dirserv.c @@ -970,7 +970,11 @@ dirserv_set_router_is_running(routerinfo_t *router, time_t now) if (!answer && running_long_enough_to_decide_unreachable()) { /* not considered reachable. tell rephist. */ - rep_hist_note_router_unreachable(router->cache_info.identity_digest, now); + time_t when = now; + if (router->last_reachable && + router->last_reachable + REACHABILITY_TEST_PERIOD < now) + when = router->last_reachable + REACHABILITY_TEST_PERIOD; + rep_hist_note_router_unreachable(router->cache_info.identity_digest, when); } router->is_running = answer; @@ -3187,7 +3191,8 @@ dirserv_single_reachability_test(time_t now, routerinfo_t *router) * try a few connections per call. * * The load balancing is such that if we get called once every ten - * seconds, we will cycle through all the tests in 1280 seconds (a + * seconds, we will cycle through all the tests in + * 10*REACHABILITY_MASK_PER_TEST seconds (a * bit over 20 minutes). */ void @@ -3214,11 +3219,11 @@ dirserv_test_reachability(time_t now) continue; /* bridge authorities only test reachability on bridges */ // if (router->cache_info.published_on > cutoff) // continue; - if ((((uint8_t)id_digest[0]) % 128) == ctr) { + if ((((uint8_t)id_digest[0]) % REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST) == ctr) { dirserv_single_reachability_test(now, router); } } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(router); - ctr = (ctr + 1) % 128; /* increment ctr */ + ctr = (ctr + 1) % REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST; /* increment ctr */ } /** Given a fingerprint <b>fp</b> which is either set if we're looking for a diff --git a/src/or/dirserv.h b/src/or/dirserv.h index 56ad7a6..949482b 100644 --- a/src/or/dirserv.h +++ b/src/or/dirserv.h @@ -12,6 +12,14 @@ #ifndef _TOR_DIRSERV_H #define _TOR_DIRSERV_H +/** What fraction (1 over this number) of the relay ID space do we + * (as a directory authority) launch connections to at each reachability + * test? */ +#define REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST 128 + +/** How many seconds apart are the reachability tests for a given relay? */ +#define REACHABILITY_TEST_PERIOD (10*REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST) + /** Maximum length of an exit policy summary. */ #define MAX_EXITPOLICY_SUMMARY_LEN 1000 diff --git a/src/or/main.c b/src/or/main.c index 979a2be..558608e 100644 --- a/src/or/main.c +++ b/src/or/main.c @@ -962,8 +962,9 @@ run_scheduled_events(time_t now) if (accounting_is_enabled(options)) accounting_run_housekeeping(now); - if (now % 10 == 0 && (authdir_mode_tests_reachability(options)) && - !we_are_hibernating()) { + if (now % REACHABILITY_TEST_PERIOD/REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST == 0 && + (authdir_mode_tests_reachability(options)) && + !we_are_hibernating()) { /* try to determine reachability of the other Tor relays */ dirserv_test_reachability(now); }

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[tor/maint-0.2.2] fix one more typo
by nickm＠torproject.org 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

commit 61f648ae3764daacb3865c8344f0381fd09a8e45 Author: Roger Dingledine <arma(a)torproject.org> Date: Sun Mar 13 15:22:45 2011 -0400 fix one more typo --- src/or/dirserv.c | 3 +-- 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/src/or/dirserv.c b/src/or/dirserv.c index b68e005..09da66d 100644 --- a/src/or/dirserv.c +++ b/src/or/dirserv.c @@ -3198,8 +3198,7 @@ dirserv_single_reachability_test(time_t now, routerinfo_t *router) * * The load balancing is such that if we get called once every ten * seconds, we will cycle through all the tests in - * 10*REACHABILITY_MASK_PER_TEST seconds (a - * bit over 20 minutes). + * REACHABILITY_TEST_CYCLE_PERIOD seconds (a bit over 20 minutes). */ void dirserv_test_reachability(time_t now)

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[metrics-tasks/master] Add counting users tech report for #2647.
by karsten＠torproject.org 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

commit 75984b3dc3849903747f17497fc66c194e93b3a5 Author: Karsten Loesing <karsten.loesing(a)gmx.net> Date: Mon Mar 14 19:11:19 2011 +0100 Add counting users tech report for #2647. --- task-2647/.gitignore | 4 + task-2647/bridge-users.pdf | 981 ++++++++++++++++ task-2647/countingusers.tex | 1044 +++++++++++++++++ task-2647/dirbytes-mirrors.pdf | 1114 ++++++++++++++++++ task-2647/entrystats.pdf | 1304 ++++++++++++++++++++++ task-2647/estimated-users.pdf | 1467 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ task-2647/newusers.pdf | 1444 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ task-2647/trusted-details.pdf | 2413 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ task-2647/trusted.pdf | 912 +++++++++++++++ 9 files changed, 10683 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) diff --git a/task-2647/.gitignore b/task-2647/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc423ca --- /dev/null +++ b/task-2647/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.aux +*.log +countingusers.pdf + diff --git a/task-2647/bridge-users.pdf b/task-2647/bridge-users.pdf new file mode 100644 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+<< +/Size 10 +/Info 1 0 R +/Root 2 0 R +>> +startxref +14716 +%%EOF diff --git a/task-2647/countingusers.tex b/task-2647/countingusers.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c05f2b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/task-2647/countingusers.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1044 @@ +\documentclass{article} +\usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usepackage{color} + +\begin{document} + +\author{Sebastian Hahn and Karsten Loesing\\{\tt\{sebastian,karsten\}(a)torproject.org}} +\title{Privacy-preserving Ways to\\Estimate the Number of Tor Users} +%Counting Users in the Tor Network in a Privacy-Preserving Way +\maketitle + +\section{Introduction} + +The Tor network allows hundreds of thousands of users every day to stay +anonymous online and enables additional tens of thousands of people in +oppressed countries to circumvent local censorship. +At least, these are the orders of magnitude of Tor usage that we assume +at the time of writing this report. +Estimating the number of users in an anonymity network is a hard +problem. +On the one hand, it's important to learn something about the users of a +network to improve its service. +On the other hand, the users of an anonymity network have a high +demand for privacy, which prohibits collecting sensitive information that +is necessary to obtain exact usage statistics. +In this report we describe our approaches to collect aggregated usage +data and derive user number estimates from them. +% cite WESCR 2010 paper? + +We start with our two current approaches to estimate the number of +non-censored daily users. +These approaches are based on counting the number of directory +requests that clients make to update their network information. +Clients need to download initial network information from a small fixed +set of relays, the directory authorities, and refresh their network +information in regular intervals from a larger changing set of relays, the +directory mirrors. +We describe our current approach to estimate the number of new and +returning users from requests seen at directory authorities in +Section~\ref{sec:auths} and our estimate of recurring users based on +requests to directory mirrors in Section~\ref{sec:current}. +%from one of a few hundred relays that are configured as directory mirrors. +%We count these requests on a fast directory mirror, which also reports +%what share of the total requests in the network it thinks it has answered. +%We project the total number of requests in the network using the +%self-reported share and divide by the number of requests that each client +%makes to estimate the total number of users. + +In Section~\ref{sec:combine}, we extend our current approach to count +recurring users by combining reported directory requests from multiple +directory mirrors. +%We estimate the fraction of observed requests from the number of bytes +%that directory mirrors spend on answering directory requests instead of +%relying on self-reported expected shares. +The result is a less volatile user number estimate with fewer outliers and +missing data points. + +The previous approaches have in common that they estimate user numbers +based on the number of directory requests. +In Section~\ref{sec:entry} we discuss an estimation based on the number of +unique IP addresses seen on a fast directory mirror. +Clients open numerous connections to directory mirrors to download +updated network status information such as new consensuses and +the relay descriptors therein. +%There are roughly 2000 relays in the Tor network at the time of writing. +%Clients need to download the descriptors of all relays, so that they can, +%in theory, use any relay for building a circuit. +A quick analysis of the logs of a bootstrapping Tor client reveals that a +relay that is chosen for 5~\% of all directory requests sees at least +two-thirds of all client IP addresses. +% Explain what kind of analysis? +% +%As a result, Tor is going to introduce the concept of \emph{directory +%guards} which makes client select a fixed set of directory mirrors for all +%requests. +%But until directory guards are implemented, +We can use the number of +unique IP addresses on a fast directory mirror to estimate the number of +daily users. +The presented approach is based on data coming from a single directory +mirror. +Combining unique IP addresses from multiple directory mirrors needs to be +done very carefully and is left for future work. + +We sketch a design to introduce a new counting cell type in +Section~\ref{sec:countingcell}. +Clients would send counting cells once a day to counting authorities or +entry guards. +We discuss the attack potential and possible defenses against adversarial actions. +% TODO is there a better word than 'trick'? yes. + +In Section~\ref{sec:bridges} we describe our current approach to count +censored users. +These users cannot connect to the publicly known relays to download +directory information or establish circuits. +Therefore, censored users have to learn about one or more bridge relays +which behave in a similar manner to normal relays except that they are not listed in +the public directory. +%Clients fetch all their directory information and establish all their +%circuits with a bridge as their first entry point into the Tor network. +Bridges report the number of unique IP addresses they see every day. +Our current approach to count censored users is to simply sum up these +unique IP addresses per day. +We discuss shortcomings and propose improvements to derive a better +estimate for censored Tor users. + +We conclude with a comparison of the described approaches, identify the +most promising approaches, recommend possible improvements, and outline +future work in Section~\ref{sec:conclusion}. + +\section{Counting requests on directory authorities} +\label{sec:auths} + +As of mid 2010, we use two approaches to estimate the number of +non-censored Tor users: +The first approach captures the number of new or returning users, the +second approach counts the recurring users. +This distinction comes from the design of our estimates that are both +based on Tor's directory protocol. + +Whenever a client bootstraps or when its network information becomes +stale, the client requests a fresh network status, which is a list of all +currently running relays, from the directories. +New clients which do not have any directory information pick one of +a fixed set of hard-coded directory authorities for their request. +There are currently eight such directory authorities, but the set can be +changed whenever a new version of the Tor software is released. +Returning clients with outdated network information take the same +approach. +Recurring clients with still recent network information choose a directory +mirror for their update request. +The approach for counting new and returning users is described in this +section, the approach for counting recurring users in the next section. + +Seven out of eight directory authorities report the number of directory +requests they're answering every day. +When we started estimating new and returning users, only one or two +directory authorities were reporting these data. +That is why we weight the requests seen by a single directory authority +with the expected fraction of requests that the directory authority should +see. +In 2009, clients knew about 7 directory authorities of which on average 6 +were running at the same time. +Hence, we made the assumption that the directory authorities reporting +request numbers were picked for every sixth request by new and returning +clients. +Even though an eighth directory authority has been added in 2010, only +clients running a recent development version of Tor use this new directory +authority. +We therefore stick with our original assumption that a directory authority +sees 1 out of 6 requests. +We multiply the reported request number by 6 to obtain an estimate of +daily new or returning users. + +\begin{figure}[t] +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{newusers.pdf} +\caption{Estimated number of new and returning users} +\label{fig:newusers} +\end{figure} + +Figure~\ref{fig:newusers} shows the estimated number of new or returning +users based on the request numbers reported by directory authority +\texttt{gabelmoo} (black) and the average reported request numbers by all +directory authorities (gray). +The estimated user number based on the average of all directory +authorities is 20 to 25 thousand users higher than the numbers reported +by \texttt{gabelmoo}, but in general, both estimates are of the same order +of magnitude. +The peak in March 2010 results from a single directory authority reporting +ten times as many requests as the other directory authorities. +This is probably due to a bug in the Tor code and not an actual increase in +users. +The increase in April 2010 can also be explained by bugs in the Tor code +which led to overloading the network. +We therefore expect the average number of new or returning users to be +around 100 thousand. + +However, it's difficult to interpret this estimated user number in a +meaningful way. +We don't know how many hours per day a typical user is connected to the +network and after how many hours or days they typically return. +We are more interested in the total number of users connecting to the +network at least once a day. +This question can better be answered by the estimates described below +which attempt to count the number of recurring users. + +\section{Counting requests on directory mirrors} +\label{sec:current} + +Our current approach for estimating (recurring) daily users is based on +the fact that every client needs to refresh its network information every +few hours in order to make indistinguishable path selection decisions. +Clients weight their choice of a directory mirror by the relays' bandwidth +capacities in order to load-balance requests. +The idea of this approach is to infer the number of users from the number +of directory requests on a fast directory mirror and weight them with the +request share the reporting directory mirrors expects to see. + +For our user number estimation, we count the number of network status +requests on a fast directory mirror. +We first estimate how many network status requests there are in the +network by dividing the local request number by the share of requests that +this particular directory mirror thinks it should see. +As an approximation of the request share, the directory mirror reports +the probability of picking itself if it were a client. +In the second step we estimate the number of users by dividing the global +network status request numbers by 10 on the assumption that every client +makes on average 10 requests per day. +10 is probably a too high number, but one that prevents us from +over-counting our users. +% We could derive some statistics from the Torperfs running on moria to +% support our assumption that 10 is too high. + +\begin{equation} +U_t = \frac{r_t}{s_t \times 10} +\end{equation} + +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{p{0.75cm}p{9cm}} +$U_t$ & User number estimate based on directory requests to directory +mirror \texttt{trusted}\\ +$r_t$ & Directory requests to directory mirror \texttt{trusted}\\ +$s_t$ & Share of directory requests expected at directory mirror +\texttt{trusted}\\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{figure}[t] +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{trusted.pdf} +\caption{User number estimate based on directory requests to directory +mirror \texttt{trusted}} +\label{fig:trusted} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure}[t] +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{trusted-details.pdf} +\caption{Directory requests, shares, and user number estimate, based on +directory requests to directory mirror \texttt{trusted}} +\label{fig:trusted-details} +\end{figure} + +Figure~\ref{fig:trusted} shows the daily user number estimate based on +directory requests to the fast directory mirror \texttt{trusted}. +Evidently, this estimate is flawed by having outliers and lots of missing +values. +Some of these problems can be explained when looking at the input data. +Figure~\ref{fig:trusted-details} shows the directory requests $r_t$ and +expected share of requests $s_t$ as well as the estimated user number +$U_t$. +From these two graphs we can make a few observations: + +\begin{itemize} +\item The peaks in May 2010 and later with 1.2 million and 800 +thousand daily users (marked with gray circles) are probably not accurate user +numbers, but more likely measurement errors. +These data points result from directory request shares being slightly +higher than 1~\%. +(Data points with directory request shares of 1~\% or less are excluded +anyway; if these data points were included, there would have been even +more outliers with millions of users which are unlikely real.) +Raising the bar to 1.5~\% would eliminate these outliers, but would also +remove a lot of, apparently correct, data points. +\item In September 2009 (first dashed line), user numbers increased from +roughly 150 to 250 thousand, and volatility of user numbers increased by +factor 2 to 3. +While the request numbers remain more or less stable during this time, +the expected share of requests seen by \texttt{trusted} drops from 3.5~\% +to 2~\%. +The reason for this decrease is that more recent clients started weighting +relays by active bandwidth scanner results instead of the relays' +self-reported bandwidth claims. +However, \texttt{trusted} assumes that all clients use the bandwidth +scanner results for path selection which is not the case. +\item Beginning in June 2010 (second dashed line), shares drop to zero for +about a month, stabilize at around 1.5~\% for two months and then +oscillate between 0 and 9~\%. +The reason for this behavior is the introduction of consensus weights that further help +clients to make good path selection decisions. +Again, \texttt{trusted} bases its expected request share on the +assumption that all clients use consensus weights for their path selection +decisions which is wrong. +\end{itemize} + +In summary, the major problem with the described approach is the +approximation of the request share that a directory mirror expects to see. +The various deployed Tor versions all use different weights for picking a +directory mirror: +Clients running Tor version 0.2.0.x use the relays' self-advertised +bandwidths to decide which directory mirror to pick. +Clients on version 0.2.1.x use actively measured bandwidths from four +bandwidth scanners running on the authoritative directory servers for +their choice. +Clients running version 0.2.2.x base their decision on the measured +bandwidths, but weighted by network-wide factors depending on the assigned +relay flags of a directory mirror. +The shares reported by directory mirror \texttt{trusted} reflect a +situation in which all clients run the same Tor version as +\texttt{trusted} at the given time, which is not the case. +While we could calculate shares independent of \texttt{trusted}, we have +no reliable data about the fractions of running client versions and could +therefore not weight the calculated version-specific request shares. +In the next section we discuss an approach to combine the findings of +multiple directory mirrors and replace the expected request share by a +more reliable metric. + +% It might also be problematic that relays update their advertised +% bandwidth only every 18 hours when publishing a new descriptor. +% Likewise, bandwidth scanners scan a relay only every so often. There +% may be significant changes from one bandwidth value to the next, but +% clients take a few hours to notice that change. More research would be +% necessary, but we already know the approach is broken, so might as well +% not care. + +The second problem with the described approach is that the estimated user +number is less precise the fewer requests a directory mirror sees. +When we started estimating user numbers based on directory mirror +\texttt{trusted}, it reported shares of roughly 3.5~\% of all requests in +the network. +With the introduction of the various performance improvements and with the +recent increase in fast directory mirrors, this share has decreased to +1.5~\%. +As we can see, estimations based on a fraction of observations this small +are not very reliable. + +The third problem is that we can only guess that a client makes 10 network +status requests per day. +While this assumption may work for clients which are connected to the Tor +network all day, other clients may well send fewer requests than 10. +We do not have any data about the average hours of Tor usage per day to +come up with a better number than 10 requests. +If, for example, the real number of requests per client was 5, our +estimate would be off by a factor 2. +The good news is that, while being off by an unknown factor, we're off by +that factor all the time, so that comparisons over time are still +accurate. + +% Idea for implementing directory guards: With all relays caching +% directory information, instead of building circuits to directories +% *using* directory guards, clients could simply ask their directory +% guards for whatever directory information they want to know. + +\section{Combining requests to directory mirrors} +\label{sec:combine} + +%\paragraph{Summing up requests and shares} +% +%The first new approach combines directory requests simply by summing up +%requests and shares of all directory mirrors reporting these numbers. +%While \texttt{trusted} was the only fast directory mirror reporting +%directory requests for about a year, a couple of even faster relays +%started reporting these numbers in August 2010. +% +%\begin{equation} +%U_s = \frac{r}{s \times 10} +%\end{equation} +% +%\begin{center} +%\begin{tabular}{p{1cm}p{9cm}} +%$U_s$ & User estimate based on sums of all directory requests and shares\\ +%$r$ & Directory requests to all reporting directory mirrors\\ +%$s$ & Share of directory requests expected at all reporting directory +%mirrors\\ +%\end{tabular} +%\end{center} +% +%\begin{figure}[t] +%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{share.png} +%\caption{Directory requests, shares and user number estimate based on +%directory requests by all reporting directory mirrors (black), compared +%to \texttt{trusted} only (gray)} +%\label{fig:share} +%\end{figure} +% +%Figure~\ref{fig:share} shows the total requests, shares, and estimated +%users based on all reporting directory mirrors. +%The total request numbers and reported shares exceed those of +%\texttt{trusted} in May 2010 and from August 2010 on. +%The resulting user number estimate is similar to the current approach +%until May 2010, because \texttt{trusted} was reporting most of the +%requests during that time anyway. +%Beginning in May 2010, the combined numbers have by far fewer missing +%data points, because it's easier to reach shares of 1~\% or higher with +%multiple data source. +%At the same time, the estimated user numbers are lower when combining all +%available data sources. +% +%The results of this new approach are still not satisfactory. +%In particular the estimates of about 1 million users in May 2010 and later +%are hardly correct. +%In addition to that, it's unlikely that the reporting directory mirrors +%saw up to 80~\% of all requests in September and October 2010. +%In the two approaches below we drop the self-reported expected directory +%request shares completely and use different metrics to answer what +%fraction of directory requests have been reported on a given day. +% +%\paragraph{Estimating total requests using bandwidth histories} +% +%The second new approach to combine directory requests makes use of +%bandwidth histories to estimate what fraction of directory requests has +%been reported. +%Rather than resembling clients' decisions for selecting relays (which can +%be difficult with the different deployed path selection strategies), we +%use the bandwidth histories reported by relays to estimate what fraction +%of directory requests they have seen. +%If all directory mirrors reporting directory requests together have +%pushed $b_{pr}$ bytes and all directory mirrors, whether or not they +%report directory requests, have pushed $b_p$ bytes, we expect that in the +%whole network, there have been $\frac{b_p}{b_{pr}}$ as many directory +%requests as we have seen. +%The underlying assumption is that the directory mirrors reporting +%directory requests spend the same fraction of bytes on answering directory +%requests as all directory mirrors. +% +%\begin{equation} +%U_p = r \times \frac{b_p}{b_{pr} \times 10} +%\end{equation} +% +%\begin{center} +%\begin{tabular}{p{1cm}p{9cm}} +%$U_p$ & User estimate based on directory requests to all reporting +%directory mirrors, weighted by bandwidth histories\\ +%$r$ & Directory requests answered by all reporting directory mirrors\\ +%$b_p$ & Written and read bytes by all directory mirrors\\ +%$b_{pr}$ & Written and read bytes by directory mirrors that report +%directory requests\\ +%\end{tabular} +%\end{center} +% +%\begin{figure}[t] +%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bwhist.png} +%\caption{Directory requests, shares and user number estimate based on +%directory requests weighted by bandwidth histories} +%\label{fig:bwhist} +%\end{figure} +% +%Figure~\ref{fig:bwhist} shows the estimated users based on directory +%requests weighted by written and read bytes of reporting directory mirrors +%compared to all directory mirrors. +%The user number estimate is less volatile than the previous two estimates +%and has no outliers in the millions. +%There are also only very few missing data points, because the share is +%above 1~\% most of the time. +% +%However, the range of 50 to 500 thousand daily users is still higher than +%expected. +%It might be that the assumption that directory mirrors reporting directory +%requests spend the same fraction of bytes on answering directory requests +%as all directory mirrors is inaccurate. +%We hope that this assumption becomes less important with an even higher +%number of directory mirrors reporting directory requests in the future. + +The major shortcomings of the approach described in the previous section +are very low request shares of 1.5~\% or less and the difficulty to +accurately estimate shares of directory requests seen at directory mirrors. +In this section we discuss a new approach to overcome these two problems. +The presented approach combines the reported directory request numbers +from multiple directory mirrors and uses the relays' bandwidth histories +to determine what fraction of the total requests in the network have been +reported. + +This new approach utilizes a recently introduced metric: bytes spent on +answering directory requests. +Directory mirrors running Tor version 0.2.2.15-alpha or higher report +how many bytes they spent on answering directory requests in addition to +the number of bytes they spent on all traffic. +By looking at the relay descriptor archives, we can estimate the number of +directory bytes written on a give day by both the relays reporting directory requests and all +directory mirrors (including those that did not report directory requests). + +As a first step we estimate the number of directory bytes written by +directory mirrors. +Only a fraction of the directory mirrors are running Tor version +0.2.2.15-alpha or higher, which is why we have to extrapolate the number +of directory bytes from the reported number. +For the first estimation we assume that every directory mirror spends the +same fraction of its total bytes on answering directory requests. +Hence, the reported number of directory bytes constitute a fraction of +total directory bytes in the network that is equal to the number of bytes +written by directory mirrors reporting directory bytes divided by the +number of bytes written by all directory mirrors. +% +%\begin{equation} +%d_p = \frac{d \times b_p}{b_d} +%\end{equation} +% +%\begin{center} +%\begin{tabular}{p{1cm}p{9cm}} +%$d_p$ & Estimated directory bytes\\ +%$d$ & Reported directory bytes\\ +%$b_p$ & Reported written bytes by all directory mirrors\\ +%$b_d$ & Reported written bytes by directory mirrors reporting directory +%bytes\\ +%\end{tabular} +%\end{center} + +For the second estimation we assume that the difference between total +written and total read bytes on directory mirrors is to a large extent the +result of answering small directory requests with large directory objects. +We observed that relays that don't mirror the directory write more bytes +than they read, too, but the difference between written and read bytes is +much smaller than on directory mirrors. +We weight the bytes written by directory mirrors with the quotient of +read and written bytes on relays that don't mirror the directory in order +to account for non-directory related factors. +We then subtract the number of bytes read by directory mirrors and obtain +an estimate of directory bytes written by directory mirrors. + +\begin{figure}[t] +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dirbytes-mirrors.pdf} +\caption{Estimated directory bytes written by directory mirrors based on +the extrapolation of reported directory bytes (gray) and the difference +between written and read bytes (black)} +\label{fig:dirbytes-mirrors} +\end{figure} + +Figure~\ref{fig:dirbytes-mirrors} shows the two directory bytes +estimations. +Until mid-September 2010, the extrapolation of reported directory bytes +(gray) is slightly higher than the difference between written and read +bytes (black), but both estimates are of the same order of magnitude. +The difference of up to 4~MiB/s is not much when comparing it to the total +number of bytes written by directory mirrors, which is 300~MiB/s at the +time of writing. +With only three months of data, it is unclear which of the two estimates +is more accurate. +For the following analysis we use the difference between written and read +bytes as estimate for directory bytes, because these numbers are available +for the past 1.5 years. +Once we have a larger fraction of directory mirrors reporting directory +bytes we are going to revisit and possibly adjust this estimate. + +Now that we have an estimate of directory bytes written by all directory +mirrors and by the directory mirrors reporting directory requests, we can +extrapolate the number of observed directory requests to learn the total +number of directory requests in the network. +We assume that directory mirrors reporting directory requests spend the +same fraction of directory bytes on answering directory requests as all +directory mirrors. + +\begin{equation} +U_d = \frac{r \times (b^w_p \times \frac{b^r_n}{b^w_n} - b^r_p)}{(b^w_{pr} \times \frac{b^r_n}{b^w_n} - b^r_{pr}) \times 10} +\end{equation} + +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{p{0.75cm}p{9cm}} +$U_d$ & User number estimate based on multiple directory mirrors reporting +directory requests\\ +$r$ & Reported directory requests\\ +$b^w_p$ & Total bytes written by all directory mirrors\\ +$b^r_p$ & Total bytes read by all directory mirrors\\ +$b^w_n$ & Total bytes written by all relays that don't mirror the +directory\\ +$b^r_n$ & Total bytes read by all relays that don't mirror the directory\\ +$b^w_{pr}$ & Total bytes written by all directory mirrors reporting +directory requests\\ +$b^r_{pr}$ & Total bytes read by all directory mirrors reporting directory +requests\\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{figure}[t] +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{estimated-users.pdf} +\caption{User number estimate based on all reported directory requests +weighted by estimated written directory bytes (black) compared to the +current approach based on directory requests to directory mirror +\texttt{trusted} (gray)} +\label{fig:estimated-users} +\end{figure} + +Figure~\ref{fig:estimated-users} shows the new user number estimate +(black) and compares it to the current approach (gray). +The new user number estimate is less volatile and has no outliers in the +millions. +There are also no missing data points anymore, because the combined +directory requests originate from a fraction of directory mirrors that is +greater than 1~\% in the observed time interval. + +%We recommend to increase the fraction of directory mirrors reporting +%directory requests to have a more solid data basis. +%Possible next steps are to ask relay operators running fast and stable +%relays to collect and report these aggregate statistics. +%Further, the configuration option for reporting directory requests could +%be set by default for all relays. +%Once we have more data, we are going to revisit this approach and maybe +%fine-tune it. + +%\paragraph{Projecting requests using read/written directory bytes} +% +%We need to learn two data points to calculate what fraction of directory +%bytes the directory mirrors reporting directory requests have pushed. +%First, we need to calculate the number of directory bytes that all +%directory mirrors in the network pushed. +% +%\begin{verbatim} +%We need to find out what fraction of dirreqs are reported to us. +%We assume that the number of dirreqs that a relay answers scales +%proportionally to the number of dirbytes that the relay pushes, i.e., a +%relay that pushes 10 % of all dirbytes also answers 10 % of all dirreqs. +%We need to learn two things in order to answer this question: +%First, how many dirbytes did all relays in the network push? +%Second, how many dirbytes did the relays that report dirreqs push? +% +%We'll start by answering the first subproblem. +%We'd like to learn how many dirbytes were read/written in the network, +%but not all relays report dirbytes. +%Therefore, we weight the reported dirbytes with the fraction of total +%(non-dir) bytes that the relays reporting dirbytes pushed as compared to +%all pushed bytes. +%In order to answer the first question, we count: +% +%b: total reported bytes +%d: total reported dirbytes +%b_d: bytes reported by relays reporting dirbytes +% +%We then can estimate the total number of dirbytes. +% +%D = d * b / b_d +%D: total estimated dirbytes +% +%<dirbytes-total.png> +% +%We need to make sure that enough relays report dirbytes, or our +%extrapolation is based on too few data points. +%The fraction of bytes reported by relays that report dirbytes shouldn't +% +%drop below, say, 15 %. +%The graph only shows data for the fraction being 15 % or higher. +% +%f_bd = b_d / b +%f_bd: fraction of bytes reported by relays that report dirbytes +% +%The second sub problem to solve is to find out how many dirbytes have been +%pushed by the relays that report dirreqs. +%We again use the non-dir bytes that are reported by all relays for the +%extrapolation. +%We count: +% +%d_r: dirbytes reported by relays reporting dirreqs +%b_r: bytes reported by relays reporting dirreqs +%b_dr: bytes reported by relays reporting dirbytes and dirreqs +% +%We can then estimate the number of dirbytes being pushed by all relays +%reporting dirreqs. +% +%D_r = d_r * b_r / b_dr +%D_r: total estimated dirbytes reported by relays reporting dirreqs +% +%<dirbytes-part.png> +% +%Finally, we can estimate the total number of dirreqs by using the two +%estimates calculated above. +% +%R = r * D / D_r = r * (d * b / b_d) / (d_r * b_r / b_dr) +%R: total estimated dirreqs, different approaches +% +%Finally assume that each user makes 10 requests per day: +%U = R / 10 +%U: total estimate daily users +% +%\end{verbatim} + +\section{Counting IP addresses at directory mirrors} +\label{sec:entry} + +An alternative approach to count daily users is to count unique IP +addresses on a relay that sees most of the clients at least once a day. +A fast directory mirror is such a relay. +Clients open numerous connections to directory mirrors, in addition to +downloading network statuses, to download relay descriptors. +The Tor network consists of roughly 2000 relays at the time of writing, +and clients attempt to download all relay descriptors, so that they can +build circuits with any of these relays. +Clients split downloads among directory mirrors, because requests cannot +contain more than 96 relay descriptor identifiers. + +A quick analysis shows that an always running Tor client sends out on +average 80 requests for relay descriptors per day. +The probability of a fast directory mirror, say, one that is chosen for +5~\% of all directory requests, to be contacted at least once a day is +$1-0.95^{80} = 98.3\%$. +Even a client that only connects to the network for a few minutes per day +downloads all current descriptors which takes at least +$\lceil2000 / 96\rceil = 21$ requests. +The probability of such a client contacting a directory mirror that sees +5~\% of all requests is $1-0.95^{21} = 65.9\%$. + +In the near future, Tor is going to introduce \emph{directory guards}. +The idea is that clients pick a small number of relays as their directory +guards and send all directory requests to them. +This is meant to prevent a single malicious directory mirror from learning +about many client IP addresses. +But until directory guards are implemented, we can use the number of +unique IP addresses observed on a fast directory mirror to estimate the +number of daily users. + +\begin{figure}[t] +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{entrystats.pdf} +\caption{User number estimates based on unique IP addresses reported by +the fast directory mirror \texttt{trusted} (black) and two other fast +directory mirrors} +\label{fig:entrystats} +\end{figure} + +Figure~\ref{fig:entrystats} shows the user number estimates +based on unique IP addresses seen on three fast directory mirrors. +The fast directory mirror {\tt trusted} reports the highest number of +unique IP addresses of all three directory mirrors. +There are two time intervals when two or all three directory mirrors +report similar numbers: from December 2009 to January 2010 and from late +April to early May 2010. +The fact that the directory mirrors report similar numbers during those +times is an indication that they all saw the majority of clients in the +network. +We therefore believe that the user number estimates of 150 to 250 thousand +daily users are accurate and pose a realistic upper bound of the real +number of daily Tor users. +These estimates are also of the same order of magnitude as the estimates +described in the previous section. + +The major shortcoming of the described approach is that there is no simple +way to combine reported unique IP addresses of two or more directory +mirrors. +Directory mirrors keep the observed client IP addresses in memory for at +most 24 hours, report the absolute number of distinct addresses, and +discard the IP addresses. +It may be possible to exchange data structures containing IP addresses +between directory mirrors in a privacy-preserving way and combine them to +learn about the union size of unique IP address sets. +Possible approaches might be based on private set intersection techniques +or probabilistic data structures like Bloom filters. +We leave these approaches as future work. + +\section{Introducing a counting cell} +\label{sec:countingcell} + +Another approach is to introduce a new cell type to the Tor protocol; the counting cell. +This approach doesn't estimate user numbers by counting directory +requests or unique IP addresses. +Under this approach, clients would send counting cells once per day to special relays, called +counting authorities. + +\subsection{Counting cell overview} +The most important statistic for Tor's user count is the number of daily +users. +Our other metrics are passive observations by certain routers, +whereas the counting cell would be an active approach. +Tor clients would send a notification of their presence once daily, so that +the presence notifications can be added together to get the user count. +Tor has a notion of different cell types to encapsulate different information +when sending it along a circuit. +A new type of cell can easily be created to transport presence information. +This presence information is then reported to the metrics engine and +aggregated to find the actual user count for one day. + +Two different approaches are examined here: +The first approach uses Tor's directory authorities as counting authorities. +Clients report their presence via an anonymized tunnel. +Picking guard nodes as counting authorities is the other possibility. +Clients would not need to create a special circuit and can instead just use +one of their regular circuits to send the counting cell to the first hop directly. + +Some general considerations are valid for both types: +Counting authorities have to be very stable and well-connected so that +clients can report their presence reliably. +The counting authorities also need to export the data they received in +some document that can be collected by the metrics engine to analyze and +present the statistics. +Tor already has an extra-info descriptor mechanism in place that can be +used. + +\subsection{Using directory authorities as counting authorities} +Directory authorities have the same requirements as outlined above: +They need to be very stable, because everyone relies on them to +generate and sign the consensus. +They also already export their votes which get collected by the metrics +engine. + +Two options are available for how clients report their presence to these +counting authorities; they can either send a counting cell to each of +them or pick one at random. +Both approaches have advantages and drawbacks, outlined below: + +Sending the cell to all authorities might raise a scalability +problem as a single counting authority might not be able to keep +up with the load if all clients make one connection per day to report +their presence. +In a network with 250,000 users, an average of almost 3 reports per +second is to be expected. +In reality, since Tor's user base isn't distributed among timezones +equally, much higher report rates per second are to be anticipated. +The load this induces on each directory authorities should be carefully +examined, because it will increase proportional to an increase in the +user base. + +The advantage of reporting presence to all counting authorities is that +if a single report fails, the others can still count the user. +If any of the counting authorities reports a much lower value than +the others for a specific day, it can be taken out of the statistics +aggregating process for that day or until the connectivity problems +are resolved. + +Sending a counting cell to just one counting authority increases the +scalability of the system, as new counting authorities +could easily be added once the others are becoming overloaded. +Another advantage is that the user doesn't have to create one circuit +per counting authority, but rather just one per day. +This means that a user who doesn't use Tor for very long on a certain +day can still be counted correctly, even if she wouldn't have had the +time to report her presence to all authorities. + + +Data loss or other malfunctions on one of the counting authorities +poses a major problem in this scheme. +Such data loss cannot be corrected, and statistics for the time period +will be inaccurate. + +\paragraph{Abuse potential and inaccuracies} + +In a system where cells are reported to all counting authorities, +there is no strong protection against a counting authority that +increases the count of users by reporting a higher number of users by +just sending counting cells to the other authorities. +It would, however, prevent an authority from under-reporting the number +of users, because the others will report a higher user count so that +the data from the dishonest authority can be discarded by the statistics +aggregator. + +When users report their presence to only one counting authority, this +counting authority can under-report the number of users, +because under-reporting cannot be distinguished from being unavailable +for a part of the day. +It is also possible to increase the count of users even without sending +counting cells to the other counting authorities. +Detection of such behavior is very difficult, as lower numbers can +always be explained to be due to network problems at the counting +authority; and only very unusually high numbers would indicate increasing +the number of users maliciously. + +It is trivial to arbitrarily increase the count of users by sending on +average more than one counting cell per 24 hour window. +Because counting cells are anonymized, there are no special resources +necessary to execute the attack, other than the ability to make circuits +to the counting authorities. +This attack needs to be continued for as long as the user count is to be +influenced. +When the attack is stopped, the result will be an apparent loss of Tor +users. + +When the scheme is newly deployed or when alternative +implementations of Tor clients that don't include counting cells are +introduced, the number of Tor users will be undercounted. +Both cases have to be taken into consideration when evaluating the +collected data. + +\paragraph{Possibility for additional statistics} +Because clients report their presence anonymously under the counting cell scheme, additional statistics +can be gathered using this approach. + +Example statistics are client version and the uptime since the last +cell was sent. +% +While adding additional statistics, care must be taken that the anonymity +set is still sufficiently large. +For the client version, we could report the accurate version while it is +still recommended or ``outdated'' as a catch-all for older versions. +% +For the uptime since the last cell was sent, reporting uptime in half-hour +time intervals could provide proficient accuracy. + +More work is necessary to evaluate the additional risks of adding more +statistics. +If these statistics are deemed important, they can +use the same infrastructure set up for user number estimation. +Directory authorities are expected to be upgraded quickly, so the +new statistics would become available as soon as enough clients +upgrade. + + +\subsection{Using entry guards as counting authorities} +To address the scalability concerns outlined above, an alternative approach +is to use the entry guards that a client connects to anyway. +Not reporting presence information via an anonymized channel to one +of the chosen guard nodes has the advantage of being more scalable +than either proposed system. +The entry guards can keep track of which IP addresses have already +reported presence information on a given day and refuse +to accept another counting cell. +Also, availability concerns are reduced because a given entry guard +will see fewer counting cells compared to a counting authority. + +Guards that support acting as counting authorities and choose to do so +should be marked as such in the consensus by a special flag +so that clients can see which relays are acting as counting authorities. + +\paragraph{Abuse potential and inaccuracies} +Using entry guards as counting authorities gives them the same +abuse abilities as directory authorities have in the system where +presence information is reported to one of them; but it could be easier +to filter out extreme values as the reported values are expected to +be generally lower. + +The directory authorities should make sure that enough guards exist +so that over and undercounting guards can be detected and excluded +by the metrics engine. + +\paragraph{Possibility for additional statistics} +Because guards know who is connecting to them, there is more concern +when adding additional statistics compared to the directory authority +approach. +By including additional information about their presence, Tor clients add +bits of information that can help identify them across IP address changes. +This must be prevented, so additional statistics can not be implemented +when using guard nodes without further analysis showing their safety. + +\subsection{Usefulness of counting cells} +Because of the presented attacks, counting cells are likely to be useful +in addition to other user number estimation schemes only. +They can, however, provide an easy way to evaluate trends and +might allow new statistics to be gathered. + +\section{Counting IP addresses at bridges} +\label{sec:bridges} + +As a special case of counting Tor users, we are interested in the number +of censored Tor users connecting via bridges. +Censored users cannot connect to the publicly known relays to download +directory information or establish circuits. +Censored users have to learn about one or more bridge relays which are +similar to normal relays except that they are not listed in the public +directory and are therefore harder to block. +Bridge clients fetch all their directory information and establish all +their circuits with a bridge as first entry point into the Tor network. +Bridges report the number of unique IP addresses they see every day. +Our current approach to count censored users is to simply sum up these +unique IP addresses per day and interpret the result as estimated user +number. + +\begin{figure} +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bridge-users.pdf} +\caption{Estimated number of users connecting via bridges} +\label{fig:bridge-users} +\end{figure} + +Figure~\ref{fig:bridge-users} shows the estimated number of users +connecting via bridges. +These numbers are not expected to be as stable as the number of directly +connecting users, because some countries have successfully blocked relays or +even bridges in the past, which has led to sudden increases or decreases in +bridge user numbers. + +There are some shortcomings with this approach to count bridge users. +First, the approach makes the assumption that bridge users only connect to +a single bridge every day which is not necessarily the case. +As a result we may over-count bridge clients connecting to two or more +bridges. + +The second shortcoming is that we're excluding between 15 and 50~\% of +bridges from the statistics for various reasons: +bridges with fewer than 24 hours uptime are excluded, because bridges only +report statistics every 24 hours to hide the exact connection times and +protect the bridge users' privacy; +bridges that have been running as a non-bridge relay are excluded, because +they might report non-bridge users; +bridges without a GeoIP database are excluded, because they don't report +any statistics about connecting clients; +bridges running a few early versions of the 0.2.2 series are excluded, +because they had a bug in reporting bridge user statistics; +finally, an unknown number of bridges is excluded, because bridge +operators decide not to publish their bridge to the bridge authority and +circulate the bridge address to bridge users themselves. + +In the future, we might count the number of directory requests to bridges +in the same way as we do on directory mirrors. +Bridge clients need to refresh their view of the network at regular +intervals, too. +So, it should be possible to count bridge users in the same way as we +estimate directly connecting users. + +\section{Conclusion} +\label{sec:conclusion} + +In this report we described our current approaches to estimate daily Tor +users based on counting directory requests and unique IP addresses, and we +sketched a design to introduce special counting cells for this purpose. +We conclude with a brief summary. + +In Section~\ref{sec:auths} we discussed our current approaches for +counting new and returning as well as recurring users based on counting +directory requests. +We found that it is hard to interpret the estimate of new and returning +users without knowing how many hours per day our users are connected and +after how many hours or days they return. +We suggest discontinuance of this statistic because the rather +technical distinction between new/returning and recurring users is not +obvious. + +We described our approach to estimate recurring users based on directory +requests reported by directory mirror \texttt{trusted} in +Section~\ref{sec:current}. +We are facing two major problems with this approach, namely approximating +the request share that \texttt{trusted} can expect to see and the decrease +of said share over the past 12 months. +We recommend discontinuance of this statistic as well and recommend replacing it with a +statistic based on directory requests reported by multiple directory +mirrors. + +In Section~\ref{sec:combine} we described such an approach to combine the +directory requests from multiple directory mirrors. +This approach is based on the estimated number of directory bytes written +by directory mirrors. +We hope to gather more data from directory mirrors to improve this +promising approach. +Once we have confirmed its correctness, we propose to replace the current +two approaches to estimate direct users with this approach. + +We presented results from counting unique IP addresses on fast directory +mirrors in Section~\ref{sec:entry}. +These results are interesting, because they allow us to determine an upper +bound of daily users. +However, we did not find a simple way to combine reported unique IP +addresses of two or more directory mirrors in a privacy-preserving way. +Once the directory guard design is implemented, this approach won't +deliver useful estimates anymore. +We leave this problem as future work. + +In Section~\ref{sec:countingcell} we sketched a new design to introduce +counting cells that clients would send once a day to counting authorities +or entry guards. +Such an approach would allow us to gather better statistics about clients. +However, more work is needed to reduce the potential for abuse. + +Finally, in Section~\ref{sec:bridges} we described our current approach to +count censored users. +This statistic is based on the sum of unique IP addresses observed on +bridges with at least 24 hours uptime. +We suggest extending the statistics on bridges to count directory +requests. +We could then try to estimate the number of censored users by weighting +the observations with the bridges' reported bandwidth. +Again, we leave this extension as future work. + +\end{document} + diff --git a/task-2647/dirbytes-mirrors.pdf b/task-2647/dirbytes-mirrors.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..981c74b --- /dev/null +++ b/task-2647/dirbytes-mirrors.pdf @@ -0,0 +1,1114 @@ +%PDF-1.4 +%âãÏÓ\r +1 0 obj +<< +/CreationDate (D:20101116150408) +/ModDate (D:20101116150408) +/Title (R Graphics Output) +/Producer 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[metrics-web/master] Update link to data tech report.
by karsten＠torproject.org 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

commit 9c15dd8cb1f2dc825892825e259c57651f26b410 Author: Karsten Loesing <karsten.loesing(a)gmx.net> Date: Mon Mar 14 17:45:13 2011 +0100 Update link to data tech report. --- web/WEB-INF/papers.jsp | 4 ++-- 1 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/web/WEB-INF/papers.jsp b/web/WEB-INF/papers.jsp index da59b27..1880483 100644 --- a/web/WEB-INF/papers.jsp +++ b/web/WEB-INF/papers.jsp @@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ daily updated <a href="graphs.html">graphs</a>. <ul> <li>Overview of Statistical Data in the Tor Network - (<a href="papers/data-2010-12-29.pdf">PDF</a>, - 164K from December 29, 2010).</li> + (<a href="papers/data-2011-03-14.pdf">PDF</a>, + 166K from March 14, 2011).</li> <li>Privacy-preserving Ways to Estimate the Number of Tor Users (<a href="papers/countingusers-2010-11-30.pdf">PDF</a>, 307K from November 30, 2010).</li>

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[metrics-tasks/master] Add BridgeDB pool assignments to data tech report.
by karsten＠torproject.org 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

commit d24e3cbe77ba5545859fbe8da0cf445f642fed75 Author: Karsten Loesing <karsten.loesing(a)gmx.net> Date: Mon Mar 14 17:38:41 2011 +0100 Add BridgeDB pool assignments to data tech report. --- task-2754/data.tex | 57 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- 1 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-) diff --git a/task-2754/data.tex b/task-2754/data.tex index fe8e322..1a2745d 100644 --- a/task-2754/data.tex +++ b/task-2754/data.tex @@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ information in Section~\ref{sec:bridgesan}. Second, we describe the numerous aggregate statistics that relays publish about their usage \cite{loesing2010case} in Sections~\ref{sec:bytehist} to \ref{fig:connbidirect}. -Third, we delineate the output of various Tor services like GetTor or +Third, we delineate the output of various Tor services like BridgeDB, +GetTor, or Tor Check as well as specific measurement tools like Torperf in Sections~\ref{sec:torperf} to \ref{sec:exitlist}. All data described in this report are available for download on the @@ -644,6 +645,60 @@ file (reformatted and annotated with comments)} \label{fig:torperf} \end{figure} +\section{BridgeDB pool assignment files} + +BridgeDB is the software that receives bridge network statuses containing +the information which bridges are running from the bridge authority, +assigns these bridges to persistent distribution rings, and hands them out +to bridge users. +BridgeDB periodically dumps the list of running bridges with information +about the rings, subrings, and file buckets to which they are assigned to +a local file. +The sanitized versions of these lists containing SHA-1 hashes of bridge +fingerprints instead of the original fingerprints are available for +statistical analysis. + +\begin{figure} +\begin{verbatim} +bridge-pool-assignment 2011-03-13 14:38:03 +00b834117566035736fc6bd4ece950eace8e057a unallocated +00e923e7a8d87d28954fee7503e480f3a03ce4ee email port=443 + flag=stable +0103bb5b00ad3102b2dbafe9ce709a0a7c1060e4 https ring=2 port=443 + flag=stable +[...] +\end{verbatim} +%---------------------------------------------------------------- +\vspace{-1em} +\caption{BridgeDB pool assignment file from March 13, 2011} +\label{fig:bridgeassignments} +\end{figure} + +Figure~\ref{fig:bridgeassignments} shows a BridgeDB pool assignment file +from March 13, 2011. +Every such file begins with a line containing the timestamp when BridgeDB +wrote this file. +Subsequent lines always start with the SHA-1 hash of a bridge fingerprint, +followed by ring, subring, and/or file bucket information. +There are currently three distributor ring types in BridgeDB: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item \texttt{unallocated}: These bridges are not distributed by BridgeDB, +but are either reserved for manual distribution or are written to file +buckets for distribution via an external tool. +If a bridge in the \texttt{unallocated} ring is assigned to a file bucket, +this is noted by \verb+bucket=$bucketname+. +\item \texttt{email}: These bridges are distributed via an e-mail +autoresponder. Bridges can be assigned to subrings by their OR port or +relay flag which is defined by \verb+port=$port+ and/or \verb+flag=$flag+. +\item \texttt{https}: These bridges are distributed via https server. +There are multiple https rings to further distribute bridges by IP address +ranges, which is denoted by \verb+ring=$ring+. +Bridges in the \texttt{https} ring can also be assigned to subrings by +OR port or relay flag which is defined by \verb+port=$port+ and/or +\verb+flag=$flag+. +\end{enumerate} + \section{GetTor statistics file} GetTor allows users to fetch the Tor software via email.

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r24354: {website} point people to the 25c3 talk too. we really ought to replac (website/trunk/docs/en)
by Roger Dingledine 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

Author: arma Date: 2011-03-14 16:27:00 +0000 (Mon, 14 Mar 2011) New Revision: 24354 Modified: website/trunk/docs/en/documentation.wml Log: point people to the 25c3 talk too. we really ought to replace the wth talk sometime. Modified: website/trunk/docs/en/documentation.wml =================================================================== --- website/trunk/docs/en/documentation.wml 2011-03-14 16:11:54 UTC (rev 24353) +++ website/trunk/docs/en/documentation.wml 2011-03-14 16:27:00 UTC (rev 24354) @@ -118,11 +118,15 @@ <a href="http://freehaven.net/~arma/slides-23c3.pdf">slides</a>, <a href="http://events.ccc.de/congress/2006/Fahrplan/events/1444.en.html">abstract</a>, <a href="https://svn.torproject.org/svn/projects/design-paper/blocking.html">design paper</a>), - and Roger's "Current events in 2007" talk from 24C3 in December + Roger's "Current events in 2007" talk from 24C3 in December 2007 (<a href="http://freehaven.net/~arma/24c3-2325-en-current_events_in_tor_development.m…">video</a>, <a href="http://freehaven.net/~arma/slides-24c3.pdf">slides</a>, - <a href="http://events.ccc.de/congress/2007/Fahrplan/events/2325.en.html">abstract</a>). + <a href="http://events.ccc.de/congress/2007/Fahrplan/events/2325.en.html">abstract</a>), and + Roger's "Vulnerabilities in Tor" talk from 25C3 in December + 2008 (<a + href="https://media.torproject.org/video/25c3-2977-en-security_and_anonymity_vuln…">video</a>, + <a href="http://freehaven.net/~arma/slides-25c3.pdf">slides</a>). </li> <li>

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r24353: {} we were missing my 25c3 slides (projects/presentations)
by Roger Dingledine 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

Author: arma Date: 2011-03-14 16:11:54 +0000 (Mon, 14 Mar 2011) New Revision: 24353 Added: projects/presentations/slides-25c3.odp projects/presentations/slides-25c3.pdf Log: we were missing my 25c3 slides Added: projects/presentations/slides-25c3.odp =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Property changes on: projects/presentations/slides-25c3.odp ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:mime-type + application/octet-stream Added: projects/presentations/slides-25c3.pdf =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Property changes on: projects/presentations/slides-25c3.pdf ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:mime-type + application/octet-stream

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r24352: {} the slides i used a few weeks ago at georgia tech (projects/presentations)
by Roger Dingledine 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

Author: arma Date: 2011-03-14 16:10:10 +0000 (Mon, 14 Mar 2011) New Revision: 24352 Added: projects/presentations/slides-gatech11.odp projects/presentations/slides-gatech11.pdf Log: the slides i used a few weeks ago at georgia tech Added: projects/presentations/slides-gatech11.odp =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Property changes on: projects/presentations/slides-gatech11.odp ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:mime-type + application/octet-stream Added: projects/presentations/slides-gatech11.pdf =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Property changes on: projects/presentations/slides-gatech11.pdf ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:mime-type + application/octet-stream

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