commit 832fc202564168747958e65458342f1a2919fcd6 Author: Mike Perry <mikeperry-git@torproject.org> Date: Thu Apr 30 14:58:50 2015 -0700 Add W3C-Identity Position Paper. --- position-papers/W3C-Identity/W3CIdentity.bbl | 73 ++ position-papers/W3C-Identity/W3CIdentity.pdf | Bin 0 -> 74451 bytes position-papers/W3C-Identity/W3CIdentity.tex | 373 ++++++++++ position-papers/W3C-Identity/llncs.cls | 1016 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ position-papers/W3C-Identity/usenix.sty | 97 +++ 5 files changed, 1559 insertions(+) diff --git a/position-papers/W3C-Identity/W3CIdentity.bbl b/position-papers/W3C-Identity/W3CIdentity.bbl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e37afe6 --- /dev/null +++ b/position-papers/W3C-Identity/W3CIdentity.bbl @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +\begin{thebibliography}{10} + +\bibitem{private-browsing} +Gaurav Aggrawal, Elie Bursztein, Collin Jackson, and Dan Boneh. +\newblock An analysis of private browsing modes in modern browsers. +\newblock In {\em Proc. of 19th Usenix Security Symposium}, 2010. + +\bibitem{panopticlick} +Peter Eckersley. +\newblock How unique is your web browser? +\newblock In {\em Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Privacy + enhancing technologies}, PETS'10, pages 1--18, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010. + Springer-Verlag. + +\bibitem{safecache} +Collin Jackson and Dan Boneh. +\newblock Protecting browser state from web privacy attacks. +\newblock In {\em In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web + Conference}, pages 737--744, 2006. + +\bibitem{security-fingerprinting} +{Jennifer Valentino-DeVries}. +\newblock {Evercookies and Fingerprinting: Are Anti-Fraud Tools Good for Ads?}, + 2010. +\newblock + \url{http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2010/12/01/evercookies-and-fingerprinting-f% +inding-fraudsters-tracking-consumers/}. + +\bibitem{wsj-fingerprinting} +{Julia Angwin and Jennifer Valentino-DeVries}. +\newblock {Race Is On to 'Fingerprint' Phones, PCs}, 2010. +\newblock + \url{http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487046792045756467041009595% +46.html}. + +\bibitem{firefox-personas} +Mozilla. +\newblock Personas. +\newblock \url{https://mozillalabs.com/personas/}. + +\bibitem{weave-manager} +Mozilla. +\newblock {The Weave Account Manager}. +\newblock \url{https://wiki.mozilla.org/Labs/Weave/Identity/Account_Manager}. + +\bibitem{not-to-toggle} +Mike Perry. +\newblock To toggle, or not to toggle: The end of torbutton. +\newblock + \url{https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-talk/2011-April/020077.html}. + +\bibitem{torbutton} +Mike Perry. +\newblock {The Torbutton Design Document}, 2011. +\newblock \url{https://www.torproject.org/torbutton/en/design/}. + +\bibitem{facebook-like} +Arnold Roosendaal. +\newblock {Facebook Tracks and Traces Everyone: Like This!} +\newblock {\em SSRN eLibrary}, 2010. + +\bibitem{tracking-identity} +Emily Steel. +\newblock {Online Tracking Company RapLeaf Profiles Users By Name}, 2010. +\newblock + \url{http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527023044105045755602432594160% +72.html}. + +\bibitem{thirdparty} +Dan Witte. +\newblock \url{https://wiki.mozilla.org/Thirdparty}. + +\end{thebibliography} diff --git a/position-papers/W3C-Identity/W3CIdentity.pdf b/position-papers/W3C-Identity/W3CIdentity.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b749dc7 Binary files /dev/null and b/position-papers/W3C-Identity/W3CIdentity.pdf differ diff --git a/position-papers/W3C-Identity/W3CIdentity.tex b/position-papers/W3C-Identity/W3CIdentity.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c16f241 --- /dev/null +++ b/position-papers/W3C-Identity/W3CIdentity.tex @@ -0,0 +1,373 @@ +%\documentclass{llncs} +\documentclass[letterpaper,11pt]{llncs} +%\documentclass{article} % llncs + +\usepackage{usenix} +\usepackage{url} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{epsfig} +\usepackage{epsf} +\usepackage{listings} + +%\setlength{\textwidth}{6in} +%\setlength{\textheight}{8.4in} +%\setlength{\topmargin}{.5cm} +%\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{1cm} +%\setlength{\evensidemargin}{1cm} + +\begin{document} + +\title{Bridging the Disconnect Between Web Identity and User Perception} + +\author{Mike Perry \\ The Internet \\ mikeperry@torproject.org} + +%\institute{The Internet} + +\maketitle +\pagestyle{plain} + +\begin{abstract} + +There is a huge disconnect between how users perceive their online presence +and the reality of their relationship with the websites they visit. This +position paper explores this disconnect and provides some recommendations for +making the technical reality of the web match user perception, through both +technical improvements as well as user interface cues. By looking at all of +the elements of tracking as though they collectively comprise "User Identity", +we can make better decisions about improvements to both the technical and the +interface aspects of authentication and privacy. + +\end{abstract} + +\section{Introduction} + +The prevailing revenue model of the web is an appealing one. Web users receive +unfettered, frictionless access to an extensive variety of information sources +in exchange for viewing advertising. This advertising is more valuable if each +advertisement is more relevant to the current activity, and if possible, more +relevant to the current user. + +The cost of this is that user privacy on the web is a nightmare. There is +ubiquitous tracking, unseen partnership agreements and data exchange, and +surreptitious attempts to uncover users' identities against their will and +without their knowledge. This is not just happening in the dark, unseemly +corners of the web. It is happening everywhere\cite{facebook-like}. + +The problem is that the revenue model of the web has incentivized companies to +find ways to continue to track users against their will, even if those users +are attempting to protect themselves through currently available methods. +Starting with the infamous "Flash cookies", we have progressed through a +seemingly endless arms race of secondary identifiers and tracking information: +visited history, cache, font and system data, desktop resolution, keystroke +timing, and so on and so forth\cite{wsj-fingerprinting}. + +These efforts have lead to an even wider disconnect between a user's +perception of their privacy and the reality of their privacy. Users simply +can't keep up with the ways they are being tracked. + +When users are being coerced into ceding data about themselves without clear +understanding or consent (and in fact, in many cases despite their explicit +attempts to decline to consent), serious moral issues begin to arise. + +To understand and evaluate potential solutions and improvements to this status +quo, we must explore the disconnect between user experience and the way the +web actually functions with respect to tracking and identity. + +% FIXME: Do we need this paragraph? +%To this end, the rest of this document is structured as follows: First, we +%examine user identity on the web, comparing the average user's perspective to +%what actually is happening technically behind the scenes, and noting the major +%disconnects. We then examine solutions attempting to bridge this disconnect +%from two different directions. + +We only consider implementations that involve privacy-by-design. +Privacy-by-policy approaches such as Do Not Track will not be discussed. + +\section{User Identity on the Web} + +To properly examine this privacy problem, we must probe into the details of +both what a User's perception of their identity is, as well as the technical +realities of what goes into web authentication and tracking. + +\subsection{User Perception of Identity} + +Instinctively, users define their privacy in terms of their identity, in terms +of how they have interacted with a site in order to inform it of who they are. +Typically, the user's perception of their identity on the web is usually a direct +function of the mechanisms used for strong authentication for particular sites. + +For example, users expect that logging in to Facebook creates a relationship +in their browsers when facebook.com is present in the URL bar, but they are +likely not aware that this also extends to their activity on other, arbitrary +sites that happen to include "Like this on Facebook" buttons or +Facebook-sourced advertising content. + +Many, if not most, users expect that when they log out of a site their +relationship ends and that any associated tracking should be over. Even +users who are aware of cookies can be prone to believing that clearing the +cookies and private browsing data related to a particular site is sufficient +to end their relationship with that site. + +Neither of these beliefs has any relation to reality. + +\subsection{Technical Reality of Identity} + +The technical reality of the web today is that users are usually wrong about +their authentication status with respect to a particular site, and are almost +always oblivious to the relationship between content elements of arbitrary +pages. The default experience is such that all of this data exchange is +concealed from the user. + +So then what is identity? In terms of authentication, it would at first appear +to be cookies, HTTP Auth tokens, and client TLS certificates. However, even this +begins to break down. High-security websites are already using fingerprinting +as an auxiliary second factor of authentication\cite{security-fingerprinting}, +and online data aggregators utilize everything they can to build complete +portraits of users' identities\cite{tracking-identity}. + +Identity then is a superset of all the authentication tokens used by the +browser. It is the ability to link a user's activity in one instance to their +activity in another instance, be it across time, or even on a single page +due to multiple content origins. + +\subsection{Identity as Linkability} + +When expanded to cover all items that enable or substantially contribute to +Linkability, a lot more components of the browser are now in scope. We will +briefly enumerate these components. + +First, the obvious properties are found in the state of the browser: cookies, +DOM storage, cache, cryptographic tokens and cryptographic state, and +location. These are what technical people tend to think of first when it comes +to private browsing and identity, but they are not the whole story. + +Next, we have long-term properties of the browser itself. These include the +User Agent String, the list of installed plugins, rendering capabilities, +window decoration size, and browser widget size. + +Then, we have properties of the computer. These include desktop size, IP +address, clock offset and timezone, and installed fonts. + +Finally, linkability also includes the properties of the multi-origin model of +the web that allow tracking due to partnerships. These include the implicit +cookie transmission model, and also explicit click referral and data exchange +partnerships. + +\subsection{Developing a Threat Model} + +Unfortunately, just about every browser property and functionality is a +potential fingerprinting target. In order to properly address the network +adversary on a technical level, we need a metric to measure linkability of the +various browser properties that extend beyond any stored origin-related state. + +The Panopticlick project by the EFF provides us with exactly this +metric\cite{panopticlick}. The researchers conducted a survey of volunteers +who were asked to visit an experiment page that harvested many of the above +components. They then computed the Shannon Entropy of the resulting +distribution of each of several key attributes to determine how many bits of +identifying information each attribute provided. + +While not perfect\footnotemark, this metric allows us to prioritize effort at +components that have the most potential for linkability. + +\footnotetext{In particular, the test does not take in all aspects of +resolution information. It did not calculate the size of widgets, window +decoration, or toolbar size. We believe this may add high amounts of entropy +to the screen field. It also did not measure clock offset and other time-based +fingerprints. Furthermore, as new browser features are added, this experiment +should be repeated to include them.} + +This metric also indicates that it is beneficial to standardize on +implementations of fingerprinting resistance where possible. More +implementations using the same defenses means more users with similar +fingerprints, which means less entropy in the metric. + +\section{Matching User Perception with Reality} + +When the concept of user identity is expanded to cover all aspects of +linkability, addressing the problem of the disconnect between user perception +and reality becomes clearer. For users to have privacy, and for private +browsing modes to function, the relationship between a user and a site must be +understood by that user. + +It is apparent that the user experiences disconnect with the technical +realities of the web on two major fronts: the average user does not grasp the +privacy implications of the multi-origin model, nor are they given a clear +concept of identity to grasp the privacy implications of the union of the +trackable components of their browsers. + +We will now examine examples of attempts at reducing this disconnect on each +of these two fronts. + +Note that identity-based approaches and the origin-based approaches are +orthogonal. They may be combined, or used independently. + +\subsection{Origin-Based Approaches} + +Origin-based approaches seek to improve the technical behavior of the browser +to make linkability less implicit and more consent-driven. In short, these +approaches seek to make the web behave more like users currently assume it +behaves by anchoring browser state to top-level origins as opposed to +associating it with arbitrary content elements. + +The earliest relevant example of this work is SafeCache\cite{safecache}. +SafeCache seeks to reduce the ability for 3rd party content elements to use +the cache to store identifiers. It does this by limiting the scope of the +cache to the origin in the url bar. This has the effect that commonly sourced +content elements are fetched and cached repeatedly, but this is the desired +property. Each of these prevalent content elements can be crafted to include +unique identifiers for each user, tracking users who attempt to avoid tracking +by clearing cookies. + +Mozilla has a wonderful example of an origin-based improvement written by Dan +Witte and buried on their wiki\cite{thirdparty}. It describes a new dual-keyed +origin for cookies, so that cookies would only be transmitted if they matched +both the top level origin and the third party origin involved in their +creation. This approach would go a long way towards preventing implicit +tracking across multiple websites. + +Similarly, one could imagine this two-level origin isolation being deployed to +improve similar issues with DOM Storage and cryptographic tokens. + +Making the origin model for browser identifiers more closely match the user +activity and user expectation has other advantages as well. With a clear +distinction between 3rd party and top-level cookies, the privacy settings +window could have a user-intuitive way of representing the user's relationship +with different origins, perhaps by using only the favicon of that top level +origin to represent all of the browser state accumulated by that origin. The +user could delete the entire set of browser state (cookies, cache, storage, +cryptographic tokens) associated with a site simply by removing its favicon +from their privacy info panel. + +The problem with origin-based approaches is that individually, they do not +fully address the entire linkability problem unless the same restriction is +applied uniformly to all aspects of stored browser state, and all other +linkability issues are dealt with. Behind-the-scenes partnerships can easily +allow companies to continue to link users to their identities through any +aspect of browser state that is not properly compartmentalized to the top +level origin and bound to the same rules. + +% FIXME: Wording.. +However, linkability based on browser properties is amenable to this +model. In particular, one can imagine per-origin plugin permissions, +per-origin limits on the number of fonts that can be used, and randomized +window-specific time offsets. + +So, while these approaches are in fact useful for bringing the technical +realities of the web closer to what the user assumes is happening, they must +be deployed uniformly, with a consistent top-level origin restriction model. +This may take significant coordination and standardization efforts. + +\subsection{Identity-Based Approaches} + +We will now discuss what we call the identity-based approaches to privacy. +These approaches, whether explicitly or implicitly, all model the user's web +identity as the entirety of the user's state for all origins. + +The key advantage of identity-based approaches is that they can be simpler +than origin-based approaches when used to improve the privacy problem on their +own. + +While the earliest example of an identity-based approach is our own work on +Torbutton\cite{torbutton}, Torbutton deserves poor marks for both simplicity +and usability\cite{not-to-toggle}. Torbutton attempts to isolate the user's +non-Tor activity from their Tor activity, effectively providing the user with +a blank slate for their Tor activity, but optionally allowing them to toggle +between these two identities. + +Firefox Private Browsing Mode is similar, in that it allows users to switch +between their normal browsing and a "private" clean slate. + +% FIXME: This paragraph can go if we need space: +Both Firefox PBM and Torbutton suffer from usability issues, primarily because +this concept of separate browsing identities is not properly conveyed to the +user. In Firefox's case, this usability issue is apparent through the quantity +of mode error observed in the review of Private Browsing Modes by Dan Boneh et +al\cite{private-browsing}. In Torbutton's case, the issues appear more severe. +We've informally observed that users have tremendous difficulties remembering +which tabs were Tor-related and which were non-Tor related, and we've also +observed issues with mode error. + +Both of these approaches are exceedingly complex: they deal with every aspect +of browser state individually. This development effort however does enable +Firefox and Torbutton to provide the user with great fine-grained control. + +Google Chrome's Incognito Mode comes the closest to conveying this idea of +"Incognito identity" to the user, and the implementation is also simpler as a +result. The Incognito Mode window is a separate, stylized window that clearly +conveys an alternate identity is in use for this window, which can be used +concurrent to the non-private identity. This appears to lead to less mode +error (where the user forgets their private browsing state) compared to other +browsers. + +% FIXME: This paragraph can go if we need space: +The implementation of Incognito is as a virtualized in-memory profile, which +allows them to achieve protection against history storage issues with minimal +effort. It also allows them to tweak browser properties and permissions +specifically for this profile. + +The Mozilla Weave project appears to be proposing an identity-based method of +managing, syncing, and storing authentication tokens, and also has use cases +described for multiple users of a single browser\cite{weave-manager}. It is +the closest idea on paper to what we envision as the way to bridge user +assumptions with reality. + +We believe that the user interface of the browser should convey a sense of +persistent identity prominently to the user in the form of a visual cue. This +cue can either be an abstract image, graphic or theme (such as the user's +choice of Firefox Persona\cite{firefox-personas}), or it can be a text area +with the user's current favored pseudonym. This idea of identity should then +be integrated with the browsing experience. Users should be able to click a +button to get a clean slate for a new identity, and should be able to log in +and out of of password-protected stored encrypted identities, which would +contain the entire state of the browser. This is the direction the Tor Project +intends to head in with the Tor Browser Bundle\cite{not-to-toggle}. + +To this user, the Private Browsing Mode would be no more than a special case +of this identity UI - a special identity that they can trust not to store +browsing history information to disk. Such a UI also more explicitly captures +what is going on with respect to the user's relationship to the web. + +However, all current private browsing modes fall short of protecting against a +network adversary and fail to deal with linkability against a network +adversary\cite{private-browsing}, claiming that it is outside their threat +model\footnotemark. If the user is given a new identity that is still linkable +to the previous one due to shortcomings of the browser, this approach has +failed as a privacy measure. + +\footnotetext{The primary reason given to abstain from addressing the network +adversary is IP address linkability. However, we believe this to be a red +herring. Users are quite capable of using alternate Internet connections, and +it is common practice for ISPs in many parts of the world to rotate user IP +addresses daily, to discourage servers and to impede the spread of malware. +This is especially true of cellular IP networks.} + +Linkability solutions within the identity framework would be similar to the +origin-based solutions, except they would be properties of the entire browser +or browser profile, and would be obfuscated only once per identity switch. + +% FIXME: Elaborate? + +\section{Conclusions} + +There is a demand for private browsing, and we believe that solid private +browsing modes can be created. In order to do this, we need solid analysis of +the threat models involved, and we need standardization for many aspects of +defense. + +However, there is currently a huge disconnect between user privacy and +identity due to both the multi-origin nature of the web, and the failure of +browsers to adequately convey a sense of identity to the user. It is possible +to bridge this disconnect both by addressing the issues with the multi-origin +model, as well as providing the user with an explicit representation of their +web identity, and with control over this identity. + +% XXX: The dangers of adblockers and filters + the long-term imperative of +% improving privacy for the continued use of the advertising revenue model. + +\bibliographystyle{plain} \bibliography{W3CIdentity} + +\clearpage +\appendix + +\end{document} diff --git a/position-papers/W3C-Identity/llncs.cls b/position-papers/W3C-Identity/llncs.cls new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0308e57 --- /dev/null +++ b/position-papers/W3C-Identity/llncs.cls @@ -0,0 +1,1016 @@ +% LLNCS DOCUMENT CLASS -- version 2.8 +% for LaTeX2e +% +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01] +\ProvidesClass{llncs}[2000/05/16 v2.8 +^^JLaTeX document class for Lecture Notes in Computer Science] +% Options +\let\if@envcntreset\iffalse +\DeclareOption{envcountreset}{\let\if@envcntreset\iftrue} 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class}\vskip0.5cm +You should not use \verb|\subparagraph| with this class.\vskip0.5cm} + +\DeclareMathSymbol{\Gamma}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"00} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\Delta}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"01} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\Theta}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"02} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\Lambda}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"03} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\Xi}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"04} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\Pi}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"05} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\Sigma}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"06} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\Upsilon}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"07} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\Phi}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"08} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\Psi}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"09} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\Omega}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"0A} + +\let\footnotesize\small + +\if@custvec +\def\vec#1{\mathchoice{\mbox{\boldmath$\displaystyle#1$}} +{\mbox{\boldmath$\textstyle#1$}} +{\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptstyle#1$}} +{\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptscriptstyle#1$}}} +\fi + +\def\squareforqed{\hbox{\rlap{$\sqcap$}$\sqcup$}} +\def\qed{\ifmmode\squareforqed\else{\unskip\nobreak\hfil +\penalty50\hskip1em\null\nobreak\hfil\squareforqed +\parfillskip=0pt\finalhyphendemerits=0\endgraf}\fi} + +\def\getsto{\mathrel{\mathchoice {\vcenter{\offinterlineskip +\halign{\hfil +$\displaystyle##$\hfil\cr\gets\cr\to\cr}}} +{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\textstyle##$\hfil\cr\gets +\cr\to\cr}}} +{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\scriptstyle##$\hfil\cr\gets +\cr\to\cr}}} +{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\scriptscriptstyle##$\hfil\cr +\gets\cr\to\cr}}}}} +\def\lid{\mathrel{\mathchoice {\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil +$\displaystyle##$\hfil\cr<\cr\noalign{\vskip1.2pt}=\cr}}} +{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\textstyle##$\hfil\cr<\cr +\noalign{\vskip1.2pt}=\cr}}} +{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\scriptstyle##$\hfil\cr<\cr +\noalign{\vskip1pt}=\cr}}} +{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\scriptscriptstyle##$\hfil\cr +<\cr +\noalign{\vskip0.9pt}=\cr}}}}} +\def\gid{\mathrel{\mathchoice {\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil +$\displaystyle##$\hfil\cr>\cr\noalign{\vskip1.2pt}=\cr}}} +{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\textstyle##$\hfil\cr>\cr +\noalign{\vskip1.2pt}=\cr}}} +{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\scriptstyle##$\hfil\cr>\cr +\noalign{\vskip1pt}=\cr}}} +{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\scriptscriptstyle##$\hfil\cr +>\cr +\noalign{\vskip0.9pt}=\cr}}}}} +\def\grole{\mathrel{\mathchoice {\vcenter{\offinterlineskip +\halign{\hfil +$\displaystyle##$\hfil\cr>\cr\noalign{\vskip-1pt}<\cr}}} +{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\textstyle##$\hfil\cr +>\cr\noalign{\vskip-1pt}<\cr}}} +{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\scriptstyle##$\hfil\cr +>\cr\noalign{\vskip-0.8pt}<\cr}}} +{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\scriptscriptstyle##$\hfil\cr +>\cr\noalign{\vskip-0.3pt}<\cr}}}}} +\def\bbbr{{\rm I\!R}} %reelle Zahlen +\def\bbbm{{\rm I\!M}} +\def\bbbn{{\rm I\!N}} %natuerliche Zahlen +\def\bbbf{{\rm I\!F}} +\def\bbbh{{\rm I\!H}} +\def\bbbk{{\rm I\!K}} +\def\bbbp{{\rm I\!P}} +\def\bbbone{{\mathchoice {\rm 1\mskip-4mu l} {\rm 1\mskip-4mu l} +{\rm 1\mskip-4.5mu l} {\rm 1\mskip-5mu l}}} +\def\bbbc{{\mathchoice {\setbox0=\hbox{$\displaystyle\rm C$}\hbox{\hbox +to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.9\ht0\hss}\box0}} +{\setbox0=\hbox{$\textstyle\rm C$}\hbox{\hbox +to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.9\ht0\hss}\box0}} +{\setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptstyle\rm C$}\hbox{\hbox +to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.9\ht0\hss}\box0}} +{\setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\rm C$}\hbox{\hbox +to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.9\ht0\hss}\box0}}}} +\def\bbbq{{\mathchoice {\setbox0=\hbox{$\displaystyle\rm +Q$}\hbox{\raise +0.15\ht0\hbox to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.8\ht0\hss}\box0}} +{\setbox0=\hbox{$\textstyle\rm Q$}\hbox{\raise +0.15\ht0\hbox to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.8\ht0\hss}\box0}} +{\setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptstyle\rm Q$}\hbox{\raise +0.15\ht0\hbox to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.7\ht0\hss}\box0}} +{\setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\rm Q$}\hbox{\raise +0.15\ht0\hbox to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.7\ht0\hss}\box0}}}} +\def\bbbt{{\mathchoice {\setbox0=\hbox{$\displaystyle\rm +T$}\hbox{\hbox to0pt{\kern0.3\wd0\vrule height0.9\ht0\hss}\box0}} +{\setbox0=\hbox{$\textstyle\rm T$}\hbox{\hbox +to0pt{\kern0.3\wd0\vrule height0.9\ht0\hss}\box0}} +{\setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptstyle\rm T$}\hbox{\hbox +to0pt{\kern0.3\wd0\vrule height0.9\ht0\hss}\box0}} +{\setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\rm T$}\hbox{\hbox +to0pt{\kern0.3\wd0\vrule height0.9\ht0\hss}\box0}}}} +\def\bbbs{{\mathchoice +{\setbox0=\hbox{$\displaystyle \rm S$}\hbox{\raise0.5\ht0\hbox +to0pt{\kern0.35\wd0\vrule height0.45\ht0\hss}\hbox +to0pt{\kern0.55\wd0\vrule height0.5\ht0\hss}\box0}} +{\setbox0=\hbox{$\textstyle \rm S$}\hbox{\raise0.5\ht0\hbox +to0pt{\kern0.35\wd0\vrule height0.45\ht0\hss}\hbox +to0pt{\kern0.55\wd0\vrule height0.5\ht0\hss}\box0}} +{\setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptstyle \rm S$}\hbox{\raise0.5\ht0\hbox +to0pt{\kern0.35\wd0\vrule height0.45\ht0\hss}\raise0.05\ht0\hbox +to0pt{\kern0.5\wd0\vrule height0.45\ht0\hss}\box0}} +{\setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\rm S$}\hbox{\raise0.5\ht0\hbox +to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.45\ht0\hss}\raise0.05\ht0\hbox +to0pt{\kern0.55\wd0\vrule height0.45\ht0\hss}\box0}}}} +\def\bbbz{{\mathchoice {\hbox{$\mathsf\textstyle Z\kern-0.4em Z$}} +{\hbox{$\mathsf\textstyle Z\kern-0.4em Z$}} +{\hbox{$\mathsf\scriptstyle Z\kern-0.3em Z$}} +{\hbox{$\mathsf\scriptscriptstyle Z\kern-0.2em Z$}}}} + +\let\ts\, + +\setlength\leftmargini {17\p@} +\setlength\leftmargin {\leftmargini} +\setlength\leftmarginii {\leftmargini} +\setlength\leftmarginiii {\leftmargini} +\setlength\leftmarginiv {\leftmargini} +\setlength \labelsep {.5em} +\setlength \labelwidth{\leftmargini} +\addtolength\labelwidth{-\labelsep} + +\def\@listI{\leftmargin\leftmargini + \parsep 0\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus\p@ + \topsep 8\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@ + \itemsep0\p@} +\let\@listi\@listI +\@listi +\def\@listii {\leftmargin\leftmarginii + \labelwidth\leftmarginii + \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep + \topsep 0\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@} +\def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii + \labelwidth\leftmarginiii + \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep + \topsep 0\p@ \@plus\p@\@minus\p@ + \parsep \z@ + \partopsep \p@ \@plus\z@ \@minus\p@} + +\renewcommand\labelitemi{\normalfont\bfseries --} +\renewcommand\labelitemii{$\m@th\bullet$} + +\setlength\arraycolsep{1.4\p@} +\setlength\tabcolsep{1.4\p@} + +\def\tableofcontents{\chapter*{\contentsname\@mkboth{{\contentsname}}% + {{\contentsname}}} + \def\authcount##1{\setcounter{auco}{##1}\setcounter{@auth}{1}} + \def\lastand{\ifnum\value{auco}=2\relax + \unskip{} \andname\ + \else + \unskip \lastandname\ + \fi}% + \def\and{\stepcounter{@auth}\relax + \ifnum\value{@auth}=\value{auco}% + \lastand + \else + \unskip, + \fi}% + \@starttoc{toc}\if@restonecol\twocolumn\fi} + +\def\l@part#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty}% + \addvspace{2em plus\p@}% % space above part line + \begingroup + \parindent \z@ + \rightskip \z@ plus 5em + \hrule\vskip5pt + \large % same size as for a contribution heading + \bfseries\boldmath % set line in boldface + \leavevmode % TeX command to enter horizontal mode. + #1\par + \vskip5pt + \hrule + \vskip1pt + \nobreak % Never break after part entry + \endgroup} + +\def\@dotsep{2} + +\def\hyperhrefextend{\ifx\hyper@anchor\@undefined\else +{chapter.\thechapter}\fi} + +\def\addnumcontentsmark#1#2#3{% +\addtocontents{#1}{\protect\contentsline{#2}{\protect\numberline + {\thechapter}#3}{\thepage}\hyperhrefextend}} +\def\addcontentsmark#1#2#3{% +\addtocontents{#1}{\protect\contentsline{#2}{#3}{\thepage}\hyperhrefextend}} +\def\addcontentsmarkwop#1#2#3{% +\addtocontents{#1}{\protect\contentsline{#2}{#3}{0}\hyperhrefextend}} + +\def\@adcmk[#1]{\ifcase #1 \or +\def\@gtempa{\addnumcontentsmark}% + \or \def\@gtempa{\addcontentsmark}% + \or \def\@gtempa{\addcontentsmarkwop}% + \fi\@gtempa{toc}{chapter}} +\def\addtocmark{\@ifnextchar[{\@adcmk}{\@adcmk[3]}} + +\def\l@chapter#1#2{\addpenalty{-\@highpenalty} + \vskip 1.0em plus 1pt \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup + \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth + \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth + \leavevmode \advance\leftskip\@tempdima \hskip -\leftskip + {\large\bfseries\boldmath#1}\ifx0#2\hfil\null + \else + \nobreak + \leaders\hbox{$\m@th \mkern \@dotsep mu.\mkern + \@dotsep mu$}\hfill + \nobreak\hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}% + \fi\par + \penalty\@highpenalty \endgroup} + +\def\l@title#1#2{\addpenalty{-\@highpenalty} + \addvspace{8pt plus 1pt} + \@tempdima \z@ + \begingroup + \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@tocrmarg + \parfillskip -\@tocrmarg + \leavevmode \advance\leftskip\@tempdima \hskip -\leftskip + #1\nobreak + \leaders\hbox{$\m@th \mkern \@dotsep mu.\mkern + \@dotsep mu$}\hfill + \nobreak\hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par + \penalty\@highpenalty \endgroup} + +\setcounter{tocdepth}{0} +\newdimen\tocchpnum +\newdimen\tocsecnum +\newdimen\tocsectotal +\newdimen\tocsubsecnum +\newdimen\tocsubsectotal +\newdimen\tocsubsubsecnum +\newdimen\tocsubsubsectotal +\newdimen\tocparanum +\newdimen\tocparatotal +\newdimen\tocsubparanum +\tocchpnum=\z@ % no chapter numbers +\tocsecnum=15\p@ % section 88. plus 2.222pt +\tocsubsecnum=23\p@ % subsection 88.8 plus 2.222pt +\tocsubsubsecnum=27\p@ % subsubsection 88.8.8 plus 1.444pt +\tocparanum=35\p@ % paragraph 88.8.8.8 plus 1.666pt +\tocsubparanum=43\p@ % subparagraph 88.8.8.8.8 plus 1.888pt +\def\calctocindent{% +\tocsectotal=\tocchpnum +\advance\tocsectotal by\tocsecnum +\tocsubsectotal=\tocsectotal +\advance\tocsubsectotal by\tocsubsecnum +\tocsubsubsectotal=\tocsubsectotal +\advance\tocsubsubsectotal by\tocsubsubsecnum +\tocparatotal=\tocsubsubsectotal +\advance\tocparatotal by\tocparanum} +\calctocindent + +\def\l@section{\@dottedtocline{1}{\tocchpnum}{\tocsecnum}} +\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{\tocsectotal}{\tocsubsecnum}} +\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{\tocsubsectotal}{\tocsubsubsecnum}} +\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{\tocsubsubsectotal}{\tocparanum}} +\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{\tocparatotal}{\tocsubparanum}} + +\def\listoffigures{\@restonecolfalse\if@twocolumn\@restonecoltrue\onecolumn + \fi\section*{\listfigurename\@mkboth{{\listfigurename}}{{\listfigurename}}} + \@starttoc{lof}\if@restonecol\twocolumn\fi} +\def\l@figure{\@dottedtocline{1}{0em}{1.5em}} + +\def\listoftables{\@restonecolfalse\if@twocolumn\@restonecoltrue\onecolumn + \fi\section*{\listtablename\@mkboth{{\listtablename}}{{\listtablename}}} + \@starttoc{lot}\if@restonecol\twocolumn\fi} +\let\l@table\l@figure + +\renewcommand\listoffigures{% + \section*{\listfigurename + \@mkboth{\listfigurename}{\listfigurename}}% + \@starttoc{lof}% + } + +\renewcommand\listoftables{% + \section*{\listtablename + \@mkboth{\listtablename}{\listtablename}}% + \@starttoc{lot}% + } + +\ifx\oribibl\undefined +\ifx\citeauthoryear\undefined +\renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1] + {\section*{\refname} + \def\@biblabel##1{##1.} + \small + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \if@openbib + \advance\leftmargin\bibindent + \itemindent -\bibindent + \listparindent \itemindent + \parsep \z@ + \fi + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + \if@openbib + \renewcommand\newblock{\par}% + \else + \renewcommand\newblock{\hskip .11em \@plus.33em \@minus.07em}% + \fi + \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000% + \sfcode`\.=\@m} + {\def\@noitemerr + {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}% + \endlist} +\def\@lbibitem[#1]#2{\item[{[#1]}\hfill]\if@filesw + {\let\protect\noexpand\immediate + \write\@auxout{\string\bibcite{#2}{#1}}}\fi\ignorespaces} +\newcount\@tempcntc +\def\@citex[#1]#2{\if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{#2}}\fi + \@tempcnta\z@\@tempcntb\m@ne\def\@citea{}\@cite{\@for\@citeb:=#2\do + {\@ifundefined + {b@\@citeb}{\@citeo\@tempcntb\m@ne\@citea\def\@citea{,}{\bfseries + ?}\@warning + {Citation `\@citeb' on page \thepage \space undefined}}% + {\setbox\z@\hbox{\global\@tempcntc0\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname\relax}% + \ifnum\@tempcntc=\z@ \@citeo\@tempcntb\m@ne + \@citea\def\@citea{,}\hbox{\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}% + \else + \advance\@tempcntb\@ne + \ifnum\@tempcntb=\@tempcntc + \else\advance\@tempcntb\m@ne\@citeo + \@tempcnta\@tempcntc\@tempcntb\@tempcntc\fi\fi}}\@citeo}{#1}} +\def\@citeo{\ifnum\@tempcnta>\@tempcntb\else + \@citea\def\@citea{,\,\hskip\z@skip}% + \ifnum\@tempcnta=\@tempcntb\the\@tempcnta\else + {\advance\@tempcnta\@ne\ifnum\@tempcnta=\@tempcntb \else + \def\@citea{--}\fi + \advance\@tempcnta\m@ne\the\@tempcnta\@citea\the\@tempcntb}\fi\fi} +\else +\renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1] + {\section*{\refname} + \small + \list{}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{}% + \leftmargin\parindent + \itemindent=-\parindent + \labelsep=\z@ + \if@openbib + \advance\leftmargin\bibindent + \itemindent -\bibindent + \listparindent \itemindent + \parsep \z@ + \fi + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{}}% + \if@openbib + \renewcommand\newblock{\par}% + \else + \renewcommand\newblock{\hskip .11em \@plus.33em \@minus.07em}% + \fi + \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000% + \sfcode`\.=\@m} + {\def\@noitemerr + {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}% + \endlist} + \def\@cite#1{#1}% + \def\@lbibitem[#1]#2{\item[]\if@filesw + {\def\protect##1{\string ##1\space}\immediate + \write\@auxout{\string\bibcite{#2}{#1}}}\fi\ignorespaces} + \fi +\else +\@cons\@openbib@code{\noexpand\small} +\fi + +\def\idxquad{\hskip 10\p@}% space that divides entry from number + +\def\@idxitem{\par\hangindent 10\p@} + +\def\subitem{\par\setbox0=\hbox{--\enspace}% second order + \noindent\hangindent\wd0\box0}% index entry + +\def\subsubitem{\par\setbox0=\hbox{--\,--\enspace}% third + \noindent\hangindent\wd0\box0}% order index entry + +\def\indexspace{\par \vskip 10\p@ plus5\p@ minus3\p@\relax} + +\renewenvironment{theindex} + {\@mkboth{\indexname}{\indexname}% + \thispagestyle{empty}\parindent\z@ + \parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax + \let\item\par + \def\,{\relax\ifmmode\mskip\thinmuskip + \else\hskip0.2em\ignorespaces\fi}% + \normalfont\small + \begin{multicols}{2}[\@makeschapterhead{\indexname}]% + } + {\end{multicols}} + +\renewcommand\footnoterule{% + \kern-3\p@ + \hrule\@width 2truecm + \kern2.6\p@} + \newdimen\fnindent + \fnindent1em +\long\def\@makefntext#1{% + \parindent \fnindent% + \leftskip \fnindent% + \noindent + \llap{\hb@xt@1em{\hss\@makefnmark\ }}\ignorespaces#1} + +\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{% + \vskip\abovecaptionskip + \sbox\@tempboxa{{\bfseries #1.} #2}% + \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize + {\bfseries #1.} #2\par + \else + \global \@minipagefalse + \hb@xt@\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}% + \fi + \vskip\belowcaptionskip} + +\def\fps@figure{htbp} +\def\fnum@figure{\figurename\thinspace\thefigure} +\def \@floatboxreset {% + \reset@font + \small + \@setnobreak + \@setminipage +} +\def\fps@table{htbp} +\def\fnum@table{\tablename~\thetable} +\renewenvironment{table} + {\setlength\abovecaptionskip{0\p@}% + \setlength\belowcaptionskip{10\p@}% + \@float{table}} + {\end@float} +\renewenvironment{table*} + {\setlength\abovecaptionskip{0\p@}% + \setlength\belowcaptionskip{10\p@}% + \@dblfloat{table}} + {\end@dblfloat} + +\long\def\@caption#1[#2]#3{\par\addcontentsline{\csname + ext@#1\endcsname}{#1}{\protect\numberline{\csname + the#1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces #2}}\begingroup + \@parboxrestore + \@makecaption{\csname fnum@#1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces #3}\par + \endgroup} + +% LaTeX does not provide a command to enter the authors institute +% addresses. The \institute command is defined here. + +\newcounter{@inst} +\newcounter{@auth} +\newcounter{auco} +\def\andname{and} +\def\lastandname{\unskip, and} +\newdimen\instindent +\newbox\authrun +\newtoks\authorrunning +\newtoks\tocauthor +\newbox\titrun +\newtoks\titlerunning +\newtoks\toctitle + +\def\clearheadinfo{\gdef\@author{No Author Given}% + \gdef\@title{No Title Given}% + \gdef\@subtitle{}% + \gdef\@institute{No Institute Given}% + \gdef\@thanks{}% + \global\titlerunning={}\global\authorrunning={}% + \global\toctitle={}\global\tocauthor={}} + +\def\institute#1{\gdef\@institute{#1}} + +\def\institutename{\par + \begingroup + \parskip=\z@ + \parindent=\z@ + \setcounter{@inst}{1}% + \def\and{\par\stepcounter{@inst}% + \noindent$^{\the@inst}$\enspace\ignorespaces}% + \setbox0=\vbox{\def\thanks##1{}\@institute}% + \ifnum\c@@inst=1\relax + \else + \setcounter{footnote}{\c@@inst}% + \setcounter{@inst}{1}% + \noindent$^{\the@inst}$\enspace + \fi + \ignorespaces + \@institute\par + \endgroup} + +\def\@fnsymbol#1{\ensuremath{\ifcase#1\or\star\or{\star\star}\or + {\star\star\star}\or \dagger\or \ddagger\or + \mathchar "278\or \mathchar "27B\or \|\or **\or \dagger\dagger + \or \ddagger\ddagger \else\@ctrerr\fi}} + +\def\inst#1{\unskip$^{#1}$} +\def\fnmsep{\unskip$^,$} +\def\email#1{{\tt#1}} +\AtBeginDocument{\@ifundefined{url}{\def\url#1{#1}}{}} +\def\homedir{\~{ }} + +\def\subtitle#1{\gdef\@subtitle{#1}} +\clearheadinfo + +\renewcommand\maketitle{\newpage + \refstepcounter{chapter}% + \stepcounter{section}% + \setcounter{section}{0}% + \setcounter{subsection}{0}% + \setcounter{figure}{0} + \setcounter{table}{0} + \setcounter{equation}{0} + \setcounter{footnote}{0}% + \begingroup + \parindent=\z@ + \renewcommand\thefootnote{\@fnsymbol\c@footnote}% + \if@twocolumn + \ifnum \col@number=\@ne + \@maketitle + \else + \twocolumn[\@maketitle]% + \fi + \else + \newpage + \global\@topnum\z@ % Prevents figures from going at top of page. + \@maketitle + \fi + \thispagestyle{empty}\@thanks +% + \def\\{\unskip\ \ignorespaces}\def\inst##1{\unskip{}}% + \def\thanks##1{\unskip{}}\def\fnmsep{\unskip}% + \instindent=\hsize + \advance\instindent by-\headlineindent + \if!\the\toctitle!\addcontentsline{toc}{title}{\@title}\else + \addcontentsline{toc}{title}{\the\toctitle}\fi + \if@runhead + \if!\the\titlerunning!\else + \edef\@title{\the\titlerunning}% + \fi + \global\setbox\titrun=\hbox{\small\rm\unboldmath\ignorespaces\@title}% + \ifdim\wd\titrun>\instindent + \typeout{Title too long for running head. Please supply}% + \typeout{a shorter form with \string\titlerunning\space prior to + \string\maketitle}% + \global\setbox\titrun=\hbox{\small\rm + Title Suppressed Due to Excessive Length}% + \fi + \xdef\@title{\copy\titrun}% + \fi +% + \if!\the\tocauthor!\relax + {\def\and{\noexpand\protect\noexpand\and}% + \protected@xdef\toc@uthor{\@author}}% + \else + \def\\{\noexpand\protect\noexpand\newline}% + \protected@xdef\scratch{\the\tocauthor}% + \protected@xdef\toc@uthor{\scratch}% + \fi + \addtocontents{toc}{{\protect\raggedright\protect\leftskip15\p@ + \protect\rightskip\@tocrmarg + \protect\itshape\toc@uthor\protect\endgraf}}% + \if@runhead + \if!\the\authorrunning! + \value{@inst}=\value{@auth}% + \setcounter{@auth}{1}% + \else + \edef\@author{\the\authorrunning}% + \fi + \global\setbox\authrun=\hbox{\small\unboldmath\@author\unskip}% + \ifdim\wd\authrun>\instindent + \typeout{Names of authors too long for running head. Please supply}% + \typeout{a shorter form with \string\authorrunning\space prior to + \string\maketitle}% + \global\setbox\authrun=\hbox{\small\rm + Authors Suppressed Due to Excessive Length}% + \fi + \xdef\@author{\copy\authrun}% + \markboth{\@author}{\@title}% + \fi + \endgroup + \setcounter{footnote}{0}% + \clearheadinfo} +% +\def\@maketitle{\newpage + \markboth{}{}% + \def\lastand{\ifnum\value{@inst}=2\relax + \unskip{} \andname\ + \else + \unskip \lastandname\ + \fi}% + \def\and{\stepcounter{@auth}\relax + \ifnum\value{@auth}=\value{@inst}% + \lastand + \else + \unskip, + \fi}% + \begin{center}% + {\Large \bfseries\boldmath + \pretolerance=10000 + \@title \par}\vskip .8cm +\if!\@subtitle!\else {\large \bfseries\boldmath + \vskip -.65cm + \pretolerance=10000 + \@subtitle \par}\vskip .8cm\fi + \setbox0=\vbox{\setcounter{@auth}{1}\def\and{\stepcounter{@auth}}% + \def\thanks##1{}\@author}% + \global\value{@inst}=\value{@auth}% + \global\value{auco}=\value{@auth}% + \setcounter{@auth}{1}% +{\lineskip .5em +\noindent\ignorespaces +\@author\vskip.35cm} + {\small\institutename} + \end{center}% + } + +% definition of the "\spnewtheorem" command. +% +% Usage: +% +% \spnewtheorem{env_nam}{caption}[within]{cap_font}{body_font} +% or \spnewtheorem{env_nam}[numbered_like]{caption}{cap_font}{body_font} +% or \spnewtheorem*{env_nam}{caption}{cap_font}{body_font} +% +% New is "cap_font" and "body_font". It stands for +% fontdefinition of the caption and the text itself. +% +% "\spnewtheorem*" gives a theorem without number. +% +% A defined spnewthoerem environment is used as described +% by Lamport. +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\@thmcountersep{} +\def\@thmcounterend{.} + +\def\spnewtheorem{\@ifstar{\@sthm}{\@Sthm}} + +% definition of \spnewtheorem with number + +\def\@spnthm#1#2{% + \@ifnextchar[{\@spxnthm{#1}{#2}}{\@spynthm{#1}{#2}}} +\def\@Sthm#1{\@ifnextchar[{\@spothm{#1}}{\@spnthm{#1}}} + +\def\@spxnthm#1#2[#3]#4#5{\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname + {\@definecounter{#1}\@addtoreset{#1}{#3}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname the#1\endcsname{\expandafter\noexpand + \csname the#3\endcsname \noexpand\@thmcountersep \@thmcounter{#1}}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname #1name\endcsname{#2}% + \global\@namedef{#1}{\@spthm{#1}{\csname #1name\endcsname}{#4}{#5}}% + \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endtheorem}}} + +\def\@spynthm#1#2#3#4{\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname + {\@definecounter{#1}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname the#1\endcsname{\@thmcounter{#1}}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname #1name\endcsname{#2}% + \global\@namedef{#1}{\@spthm{#1}{\csname #1name\endcsname}{#3}{#4}}% + \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endtheorem}}} + +\def\@spothm#1[#2]#3#4#5{% + \@ifundefined{c@#2}{\@latexerr{No theorem environment `#2' defined}\@eha}% + {\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname + {\global\@namedef{the#1}{\@nameuse{the#2}}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname #1name\endcsname{#3}% + \global\@namedef{#1}{\@spthm{#2}{\csname #1name\endcsname}{#4}{#5}}% + \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endtheorem}}}} + +\def\@spthm#1#2#3#4{\topsep 7\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@ +\refstepcounter{#1}% +\@ifnextchar[{\@spythm{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}}{\@spxthm{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}}} + +\def\@spxthm#1#2#3#4{\@spbegintheorem{#2}{\csname the#1\endcsname}{#3}{#4}% + \ignorespaces} + +\def\@spythm#1#2#3#4[#5]{\@spopargbegintheorem{#2}{\csname + the#1\endcsname}{#5}{#3}{#4}\ignorespaces} + +\def\@spbegintheorem#1#2#3#4{\trivlist + \item[\hskip\labelsep{#3#1\ #2\@thmcounterend}]#4} + +\def\@spopargbegintheorem#1#2#3#4#5{\trivlist + \item[\hskip\labelsep{#4#1\ #2}]{#4(#3)\@thmcounterend\ }#5} + +% definition of \spnewtheorem* without number + +\def\@sthm#1#2{\@Ynthm{#1}{#2}} + +\def\@Ynthm#1#2#3#4{\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname + {\global\@namedef{#1}{\@Thm{\csname #1name\endcsname}{#3}{#4}}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname #1name\endcsname{#2}% + \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endtheorem}}} + +\def\@Thm#1#2#3{\topsep 7\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@ +\@ifnextchar[{\@Ythm{#1}{#2}{#3}}{\@Xthm{#1}{#2}{#3}}} + +\def\@Xthm#1#2#3{\@Begintheorem{#1}{#2}{#3}\ignorespaces} + +\def\@Ythm#1#2#3[#4]{\@Opargbegintheorem{#1} + {#4}{#2}{#3}\ignorespaces} + +\def\@Begintheorem#1#2#3{#3\trivlist + \item[\hskip\labelsep{#2#1\@thmcounterend}]} + +\def\@Opargbegintheorem#1#2#3#4{#4\trivlist + \item[\hskip\labelsep{#3#1}]{#3(#2)\@thmcounterend\ }} + +\if@envcntsect + \def\@thmcountersep{.} + \spnewtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]{\bfseries}{\itshape} +\else + \spnewtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}{\bfseries}{\itshape} + \if@envcntreset + \@addtoreset{theorem}{section} + \else + \@addtoreset{theorem}{chapter} + \fi +\fi + +%definition of divers theorem environments +\spnewtheorem*{claim}{Claim}{\itshape}{\rmfamily} +\spnewtheorem*{proof}{Proof}{\itshape}{\rmfamily} +\if@envcntsame % alle Umgebungen wie Theorem. + \def\spn@wtheorem#1#2#3#4{\@spothm{#1}[theorem]{#2}{#3}{#4}} +\else % alle Umgebungen mit eigenem Zaehler + \if@envcntsect % mit section numeriert + \def\spn@wtheorem#1#2#3#4{\@spxnthm{#1}{#2}[section]{#3}{#4}} + \else % nicht mit section numeriert + \if@envcntreset + \def\spn@wtheorem#1#2#3#4{\@spynthm{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4} + \@addtoreset{#1}{section}} + \else + \def\spn@wtheorem#1#2#3#4{\@spynthm{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4} + \@addtoreset{#1}{chapter}}% + \fi + \fi +\fi +\spn@wtheorem{case}{Case}{\itshape}{\rmfamily} +\spn@wtheorem{conjecture}{Conjecture}{\itshape}{\rmfamily} +\spn@wtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}{\bfseries}{\itshape} +\spn@wtheorem{definition}{Definition}{\bfseries}{\itshape} +\spn@wtheorem{example}{Example}{\itshape}{\rmfamily} +\spn@wtheorem{exercise}{Exercise}{\itshape}{\rmfamily} +\spn@wtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}{\bfseries}{\itshape} +\spn@wtheorem{note}{Note}{\itshape}{\rmfamily} +\spn@wtheorem{problem}{Problem}{\itshape}{\rmfamily} +\spn@wtheorem{property}{Property}{\itshape}{\rmfamily} +\spn@wtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}{\bfseries}{\itshape} +\spn@wtheorem{question}{Question}{\itshape}{\rmfamily} +\spn@wtheorem{solution}{Solution}{\itshape}{\rmfamily} +\spn@wtheorem{remark}{Remark}{\itshape}{\rmfamily} + +\def\@takefromreset#1#2{% + \def\@tempa{#1}% + \let\@tempd\@elt + \def\@elt##1{% + \def\@tempb{##1}% + \ifx\@tempa\@tempb\else + \@addtoreset{##1}{#2}% + \fi}% + \expandafter\expandafter\let\expandafter\@tempc\csname cl@#2\endcsname + \expandafter\def\csname cl@#2\endcsname{}% + \@tempc + \let\@elt\@tempd} + +\def\theopargself{\def\@spopargbegintheorem##1##2##3##4##5{\trivlist + \item[\hskip\labelsep{##4##1\ ##2}]{##4##3\@thmcounterend\ }##5} + \def\@Opargbegintheorem##1##2##3##4{##4\trivlist + \item[\hskip\labelsep{##3##1}]{##3##2\@thmcounterend\ }} + } + +\renewenvironment{abstract}{% + \list{}{\advance\topsep by0.35cm\relax\small + \leftmargin=1cm + \labelwidth=\z@ + \listparindent=\z@ + \itemindent\listparindent + \rightmargin\leftmargin}\item[\hskip\labelsep + \bfseries\abstractname]} + {\endlist} +\renewcommand{\abstractname}{Abstract} +\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table of Contents} +\renewcommand{\figurename}{Fig.} +\renewcommand{\tablename}{Table} + +\newdimen\headlineindent % dimension for space between +\headlineindent=1.166cm % number and text of headings. + +\def\ps@headings{\let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo + \let\@oddfoot\@empty\let\@evenfoot\@empty + \def\@evenhead{\normalfont\small\rlap{\thepage}\hspace{\headlineindent}% + \leftmark\hfil} + \def\@oddhead{\normalfont\small\hfil\rightmark\hspace{\headlineindent}% + \llap{\thepage}} + \def\chaptermark##1{}% + \def\sectionmark##1{}% + \def\subsectionmark##1{}} + +\def\ps@titlepage{\let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo + \let\@oddfoot\@empty\let\@evenfoot\@empty + \def\@evenhead{\normalfont\small\rlap{\thepage}\hspace{\headlineindent}% + \hfil} + \def\@oddhead{\normalfont\small\hfil\hspace{\headlineindent}% + \llap{\thepage}} + \def\chaptermark##1{}% + \def\sectionmark##1{}% + \def\subsectionmark##1{}} + +\if@runhead\ps@headings\else +\ps@empty\fi + +\setlength\arraycolsep{1.4\p@} +\setlength\tabcolsep{1.4\p@} + +\endinput + diff --git a/position-papers/W3C-Identity/usenix.sty b/position-papers/W3C-Identity/usenix.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..22935a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/position-papers/W3C-Identity/usenix.sty @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +% usenix-2e.sty - to be used with latex2e (the new one) for USENIX. +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass[twocolumn]{article} +% \usepackage{usenix-2e} +% and put {\rm ....} around the author names. +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.sty +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the USENIX +% guidelines. +% It will automatically select two-column mode and the Times-Roman +% font. + +% +% USENIX papers are two-column. +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e. + +%\if@twocolumn\else\input twocolumn.sty\fi +\usepackage{times} + +% +% USENIX wants margins of: 7/8" side, 1" bottom, and 3/4" top. +% 0.25" gutter between columns. +% Gives active areas of 6.75" x 9.25" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.75in} +%\setlength{\textwidth}{7.00in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{-0.25in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{-0.125in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-0.125in} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that they can +% number them themselves. +% +\pagestyle{empty} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The whol author section is 12 point +% italic--- you must use {\rm } around the actual author names to get +% them in roman. +% +\def\maketitle{\par + \begingroup + \renewcommand\thefootnote{\fnsymbol{footnote}}% + \def\@makefnmark{\hbox to\z@{$\m@th^{\@thefnmark}$\hss}}% + \long\def\@makefntext##1{\parindent 1em\noindent + \hbox to1.8em{\hss$\m@th^{\@thefnmark}$}##1}% + \if@twocolumn + \twocolumn[\@maketitle]% + \else \newpage + \global\@topnum\z@ + \@maketitle \fi\@thanks + \endgroup + \setcounter{footnote}{0}% + \let\maketitle\relax + \let\@maketitle\relax + \gdef\@thanks{}\gdef\@author{}\gdef\@title{}\let\thanks\relax} + +\def\@maketitle{\newpage + %\vbox to 0.5in{ + \vbox to 1.5in{ + %\vspace*{\fill} + %\vskip 2em + \begin{center}% + {\Large\bf \@title \par}% + \vskip 0.250in minus 0.250in + {\large\it + \lineskip .5em + \begin{tabular}[t]{c}\@author + \end{tabular}\par}% + \end{center}% + \par + \vspace*{\fill} +% \vskip 1.5em + } +} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% +{\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5em}\vspace{\z@}}% +\end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Others can be same or smaller. +% +\def\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}{-3.5ex plus-1ex minus + -.2ex}{2.3ex plus.2ex}{\reset@font\large\bf}}