commit 77ea7d31353a6efc95ff791a793f5c92641a75dd Author: Karsten Loesing <karsten.loesing@gmx.net> Date: Wed Aug 8 08:48:11 2012 +0200 Add raw datagram-comparison report from Steven's repo. https://gitweb.torproject.org/sjm217/torspec.git/tree/datagram_comparison:/p... --- 2011/datagram-comparison/.gitignore | 10 + 2011/datagram-comparison/Makefile | 21 + 2011/datagram-comparison/NOTES.txt | 6 + 2011/datagram-comparison/datagram-comparison.mm | 222 ++++++ 2011/datagram-comparison/datagram-comparison.tex | 500 +++++++++++++ 2011/datagram-comparison/freedom-data.svg | 717 +++++++++++++++++++ 2011/datagram-comparison/liberatore-data.svg | 742 +++++++++++++++++++ 2011/datagram-comparison/prettyref.sty | 41 ++ 2011/datagram-comparison/reardon-data.svg | 822 ++++++++++++++++++++++ 2011/datagram-comparison/references.bib | 74 ++ 2011/datagram-comparison/tor-data.svg | 738 +++++++++++++++++++ 2011/datagram-comparison/tor-extension.svg | 617 ++++++++++++++++ 2011/datagram-comparison/vc | 24 + 2011/datagram-comparison/vc-git.awk | 89 +++ 2011/datagram-comparison/viecco-data.svg | 780 ++++++++++++++++++++ 15 files changed, 5403 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) diff --git a/2011/datagram-comparison/.gitignore b/2011/datagram-comparison/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6060eac --- /dev/null +++ b/2011/datagram-comparison/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +*.swp +*.aux +*.log +*.out +*.bbl +*.blg +tor-data.pdf +tor-extension.pdf +datagram-comparison.pdf +vc.tex diff --git a/2011/datagram-comparison/Makefile b/2011/datagram-comparison/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05746ab --- /dev/null +++ b/2011/datagram-comparison/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +all: datagram-comparison.pdf + +%.pdf: %.svg + inkscape --without-gui --export-area-page --export-pdf=`pwd`/$@ `pwd`/$< + +datagram-comparison.pdf: tor-data.pdf tor-extension.pdf reardon-data.pdf viecco-data.pdf \ + liberatore-data.pdf freedom-data.pdf + +%.pdf: %.tex references.bib + ./vc -m + pdflatex $< + bibtex datagram-comparison + pdflatex $< + pdflatex $< + +publish: datagram-comparison.pdf + cp datagram-comparison.pdf ~/public_html/volatile + +clean: + rm -f *.aux *.bbl *.blg *.log *.out \ + tor-data.pdf tor-extension.pdf datagram-comparison.pdf vc.tex diff --git a/2011/datagram-comparison/NOTES.txt b/2011/datagram-comparison/NOTES.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f1cdee --- /dev/null +++ b/2011/datagram-comparison/NOTES.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +20:09 armadev> sjmurdoch: one topic we might also cover is that there's debate in the systems world about whether tcp end-to-end (alice to exit) is better or worse than a bunch + of pairwise tcp connections strung together (alice to 1, 1 to 2, 2 to 3) +20:26 armadev> sjmurdoch: another topic to cover is how many of the congestion control / performance optimizations in tor are actually orthogonal to the choice of transport. + e.g. bandwidth measurement and load balancing, or rate limiting, or the circuit priority designs, or mike's circuit build timeout + +http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Transport_Protocol \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2011/datagram-comparison/datagram-comparison.mm b/2011/datagram-comparison/datagram-comparison.mm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a5bfa53 --- /dev/null +++ b/2011/datagram-comparison/datagram-comparison.mm @@ -0,0 +1,222 @@ +<map version="0.9.0"> +<!-- To view this file, download free mind mapping software FreeMind from http://freemind.sourceforge.net --> +<node CREATED="1304087954084" ID="ID_1996303597" MODIFIED="1304107180657" TEXT="Comparison of datagram Tor designs"> +<node CREATED="1304089363911" ID="ID_153162939" MODIFIED="1304091062666" POSITION="right" TEXT="transport stacks"> +<node CREATED="1304089370380" ID="ID_388108438" MODIFIED="1304089376197" TEXT="TCPSpeaker"> +<node CREATED="1304089400450" ID="ID_680425047" MODIFIED="1304091067933" TEXT="Dan Levin et al."/> +<node CREATED="1304089416796" ID="ID_1839596446" MODIFIED="1304089426116" TEXT="Code available"> 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MODIFIED="1304091403341" TEXT="Mandatory"/> +<node CREATED="1304093078164" ID="ID_124252552" MODIFIED="1304093116884" TEXT="Elliptic-curve for setup"/> +<node CREATED="1304093117741" ID="ID_500395405" MODIFIED="1304093122364" TEXT="Symmetric for rest"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304091316407" ID="ID_1262220131" MODIFIED="1304091335613" TEXT="Forward secrecy 2 minutes after connection closed"> +<node CREATED="1304091355111" ID="ID_421898858" MODIFIED="1304091357767" TEXT="Short term keys"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304091278414" ID="ID_1651297485" MODIFIED="1304091283484" TEXT="Stateless (cookie-based)"/> +<node CREATED="1304092229818" ID="ID_334939707" MODIFIED="1304092245222" TEXT="Stream control messages are authenticated"> +<node CREATED="1304092421326" ID="ID_341859467" MODIFIED="1304092424068" TEXT="Availability"/> +<node CREATED="1304092413742" ID="ID_1112810089" MODIFIED="1304092419885" TEXT="Stops RST injection"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304092662730" ID="ID_1441008563" MODIFIED="1304092670073" TEXT="Randomized retransmission times"/> +<node CREATED="1304092746659" ID="ID_1734388509" MODIFIED="1304092756114" TEXT="Amplification resistance"/> +<node CREATED="1304093146166" ID="ID_971688805" MODIFIED="1304093149125" TEXT="Efficiency"> +<node CREATED="1304093152311" ID="ID_610350272" MODIFIED="1304093157821" TEXT="More overhead than TCP"/> +<node CREATED="1304093158607" ID="ID_679923238" MODIFIED="1304093167598" TEXT="Less than SSH/HTTPS"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304092811261" ID="ID_1842308607" MODIFIED="1304092815528" TEXT="Needs good clock?"/> +<node CREATED="1304092738500" ID="ID_420056962" MODIFIED="1304092745138" TEXT="No fragmentation"/> +<node CREATED="1304095129344" ID="ID_1930383248" MODIFIED="1304095146049" TEXT="Versatile naming with failover and mobility"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304107804374" ID="ID_1554870004" MODIFIED="1304107807009" TEXT="SCTP"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304091939284" ID="ID_1184729055" MODIFIED="1304091941290" POSITION="left" TEXT="Layers"> +<node CREATED="1304092121448" ID="ID_395771361" MODIFIED="1304092331218" TEXT="Stream transport"> +<node CREATED="1304092164745" ID="ID_64933482" MODIFIED="1304092168263" TEXT="Flow control"/> +<node CREATED="1304092168681" ID="ID_1612676686" MODIFIED="1304092171032" TEXT="Reliability"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304091942533" ID="ID_1601568954" MODIFIED="1304091946891" TEXT="Transport security"> +<node CREATED="1304091949221" ID="ID_1020699600" MODIFIED="1304091952459" TEXT="Currently TLS"/> +<node CREATED="1304091957245" ID="ID_73003985" MODIFIED="1304091974651" TEXT="Provides hop-by-hop confidentiality"/> +<node CREATED="1304091975461" ID="ID_408534541" MODIFIED="1304091982435" TEXT="Hop-by-hop authenticity"> +<node CREATED="1304093032290" ID="ID_1026128709" MODIFIED="1304093037001" TEXT="Is this needed?"/> +</node> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304092343796" ID="ID_522032544" MODIFIED="1304092350699" TEXT="Relay"> +<node CREATED="1304098919529" ID="ID_152396056" MODIFIED="1304098926411" TEXT="Key exchange"/> +<node CREATED="1304092354829" ID="ID_508861285" MODIFIED="1304092360175" TEXT="Stream de-multiplexing"/> +<node CREATED="1304092360613" ID="ID_1313556203" MODIFIED="1304092365963" TEXT="E2E authenticity"> +<node CREATED="1304101448558" ID="ID_659053200" MODIFIED="1304101456586" TEXT="Problem with re-ordering"/> +</node> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304092339236" ID="ID_1371636310" MODIFIED="1304092343099" TEXT="Cell crypto"> +<node CREATED="1304092926480" ID="ID_1895674190" MODIFIED="1304092935798" TEXT="Multiple layers"/> +<node CREATED="1304092941104" ID="ID_588155140" MODIFIED="1304092948830" TEXT="No expansion"> +<node CREATED="1304092970185" ID="ID_1412929151" MODIFIED="1304092975367" TEXT="No authenticity"/> +<node CREATED="1304092950696" ID="ID_848998090" MODIFIED="1304092962695" TEXT="Padding is an alternative"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304101464679" ID="ID_982078346" MODIFIED="1304101471144" TEXT="Problem with re-ordering"/> +</node> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304093202993" ID="ID_971176884" MODIFIED="1304093422085" POSITION="right" TEXT="Congestion management"> +<node CREATED="1304093422073" ID="ID_1144330312" MODIFIED="1304093436415" TEXT="Bad Latency"> +<node CREATED="1304093210705" ID="ID_104063654" MODIFIED="1304093214296" TEXT="CUBIC"> +<node CREATED="1304093215497" ID="ID_1613147464" MODIFIED="1304093217079" TEXT="Linux"/> +<node CREATED="1304094569096" ID="ID_376860985" MODIFIED="1304094579047" TEXT="Somewhat unfriendly to NewReno"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304093219193" ID="ID_1627762417" MODIFIED="1304093224984" TEXT="NewReno"> +<node CREATED="1304093226881" ID="ID_469434677" MODIFIED="1304093229456" TEXT="FreeBSD"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304093231185" ID="ID_803346771" MODIFIED="1304093236944" TEXT="Compound"> +<node CREATED="1304093237562" ID="ID_1725826319" MODIFIED="1304093239672" TEXT="Microsoft"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304094182720" ID="ID_137720491" MODIFIED="1304094204224" TEXT="Fixes late-comer advantage by synchronizing congestion cycle"> +<node CREATED="1304094205752" ID="ID_32888713" MODIFIED="1304094249225" TEXT="Each flow notices maximum congestion at the same moment"/> +</node> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304093444848" ID="ID_1332471467" MODIFIED="1304093447623" TEXT="Good Latency"> +<node CREATED="1304093270931" ID="ID_714188122" MODIFIED="1304093771636" TEXT="Chicago"> +<node CREATED="1304093274371" ID="ID_961237127" MODIFIED="1304093279882" TEXT="CurveCP"/> +<node CREATED="1304093282323" ID="ID_1612557903" MODIFIED="1304093288531" TEXT="Handles bufferbloat"/> +<node CREATED="1304093658964" ID="ID_1860265110" MODIFIED="1304093684740" TEXT="Periodic rate reduction"> +<node CREATED="1304093693509" ID="ID_1706752078" MODIFIED="1304093701357" TEXT="Helps RTT unfairness"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304094269282" ID="ID_216200716" MODIFIED="1304094280602" TEXT="Tracks long-term delay statistics"/> +<node CREATED="1304094300426" ID="ID_226735320" MODIFIED="1304094321739" TEXT="Creates short congestion cycles with very low levels of congestion"> +<node CREATED="1304094663889" ID="ID_920545038" MODIFIED="1304094677188" TEXT="Notices if other streams not not backing off"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304094715554" ID="ID_585093780" MODIFIED="1304094734126" TEXT="Slow-start only continue until delay, not packet loss"/> +<node CREATED="1304094765194" ID="ID_697319518" MODIFIED="1304094780883" TEXT="Differentiates persistent loss with congestion-induced loss"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304093456232" ID="ID_1791602590" MODIFIED="1304093460248" TEXT="TCP Vegas"> +<node CREATED="1304093841456" ID="ID_1642916349" MODIFIED="1304093851887" TEXT="Measurines minimum RTT"/> +<node CREATED="1304093852624" ID="ID_1678238940" MODIFIED="1304093864367" TEXT="Rate adjusted to min + delta"> +<node CREATED="1304093865904" ID="ID_209133498" MODIFIED="1304093880552" TEXT="Delta not so large to indicate congestion"/> +<node CREATED="1304093881816" ID="ID_970034761" MODIFIED="1304093892681" TEXT="Not so mall to empty queue"/> +<node CREATED="1304093906449" ID="ID_107042054" MODIFIED="1304093930936" TEXT="Kept for remainder of flow"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304094131119" ID="ID_1721932154" MODIFIED="1304094136142" TEXT="Has late-comer advantage"/> +<node CREATED="1304094420349" ID="ID_1523511855" MODIFIED="1304094427037" TEXT="Not widely deployed"> +<node CREATED="1304094428077" ID="ID_1805747402" MODIFIED="1304094435141" TEXT="Probably because it loses out to other schedulers"/> +</node> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304093460904" ID="ID_183771140" MODIFIED="1304093465736" TEXT="LEDBAT"> +<node CREATED="1304093521914" ID="ID_1160560154" MODIFIED="1304093525441" TEXT="Low delay"/> +<node CREATED="1304093525914" ID="ID_1701533" MODIFIED="1304093532619" TEXT="Saturate link"/> +<node CREATED="1304093533082" ID="ID_1600275956" MODIFIED="1304093538593" TEXT="Yield to TCP"/> +</node> +</node> +<node 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flow will back off due in increased RTT until it is essentially zero"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304093789903" ID="ID_874724416" MODIFIED="1304093795774" TEXT="Rate management"> +<node CREATED="1304093798431" ID="ID_1062057795" MODIFIED="1304093808958" TEXT="Multiplicative decrease on congestion"/> +<node CREATED="1304093809503" ID="ID_1260673199" MODIFIED="1304093818327" TEXT="Additive periodically"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304094362724" ID="ID_1581112870" MODIFIED="1304094368299" TEXT="Mixing schedulers"> +<node CREATED="1304094369780" ID="ID_149884440" MODIFIED="1304094379852" TEXT="CUBIC is unfriendly to Vegas"/> +</node> +</node> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304097856546" ID="ID_1088145615" MODIFIED="1304097857650" POSITION="left" TEXT="JAP"> +<node CREATED="1304098822936" ID="ID_371526807" MODIFIED="1304098828105" TEXT="No forward-secrecy"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304097908739" ID="ID_797516775" MODIFIED="1304097913139" POSITION="right" TEXT="Considerations"> +<node CREATED="1304104126607" ID="ID_1754174188" MODIFIED="1304104132721" TEXT="Migtation plan"/> +<node CREATED="1304104133407" ID="ID_1705679315" MODIFIED="1304104136193" TEXT="Routing TCP"/> +<node CREATED="1304097915275" ID="ID_1918369911" MODIFIED="1304097923507" TEXT="Triangle-boy"/> +<node CREATED="1304104224584" ID="ID_307070958" MODIFIED="1304104228514" TEXT="Problems"> +<node CREATED="1304104230664" ID="ID_570567475" MODIFIED="1304104238890" TEXT="Double congestion control"/> +<node CREATED="1304104239464" ID="ID_246626855" MODIFIED="1304104255476" TEXT="Unecessary delays due to multiplexing"/> +</node> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304099191142" ID="ID_1705257738" MODIFIED="1304099198566" POSITION="left" TEXT="SHALON"> +<node CREATED="1304099199893" ID="ID_318879649" MODIFIED="1304099215270" TEXT="TCP hop by hop"> +<node CREATED="1304099555835" ID="ID_690755015" MODIFIED="1304099561116" TEXT="No crypto"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304099225246" ID="ID_405792291" MODIFIED="1304099294576" TEXT="Nested HTTPS CONNECT E2E"/> +<node CREATED="1304099366048" ID="ID_877404509" MODIFIED="1304099371761" TEXT="No stream multiplexing"> +<node CREATED="1304099879330" ID="ID_228285546" MODIFIED="1304099881594" TEXT="TA problem?"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304099372176" ID="ID_825929569" MODIFIED="1304099384337" TEXT="No link encryption multiplexing"> +<node CREATED="1304099883433" ID="ID_1657320227" MODIFIED="1304099885914" TEXT="TA problem?"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304099585356" ID="ID_326768749" MODIFIED="1304099592588" TEXT="Standard libraries"/> +<node CREATED="1304099621804" ID="ID_1833209880" MODIFIED="1304099628351" TEXT="No padding"> +<node CREATED="1304100365995" ID="ID_293776859" MODIFIED="1304100414815" TEXT="Intermediate nodes can't introduce padding"/> +<node CREATED="1304100428708" ID="ID_1090141299" MODIFIED="1304100440037" TEXT="Client limited in what padding can be inserted"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304099756175" ID="ID_85383112" MODIFIED="1304099760258" TEXT="Variable packet sizes"/> +<node CREATED="1304099715495" ID="ID_729662409" MODIFIED="1304099730479" TEXT="TLS stack fingerprinting?"/> +<node CREATED="1304099960091" ID="ID_540654673" MODIFIED="1304099962108" TEXT="Faster"> +<node CREATED="1304099946651" ID="ID_1028664211" MODIFIED="1304099951109" TEXT="Less decryption"/> +<node CREATED="1304099965819" ID="ID_1483654391" MODIFIED="1304099972838" TEXT="No E2E congestion control"/> +<node CREATED="1304099978299" ID="ID_1523747709" MODIFIED="1304099982460" TEXT="But no multiplexing"/> +<node CREATED="1304100062613" ID="ID_1066842305" MODIFIED="1304100072606" TEXT="Only in lab network"> +<node CREATED="1304100187895" ID="ID_1165709199" MODIFIED="1304100191248" TEXT="CPU bound"/> +</node> +</node> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304100586191" ID="ID_169494020" MODIFIED="1304100590736" POSITION="right" TEXT="Liberatore"> +<node CREATED="1304100608495" ID="ID_107644724" MODIFIED="1304100612088" TEXT="UDP payload"> +<node CREATED="1304100613943" ID="ID_993422442" MODIFIED="1304100620857" TEXT="No congestion management or reliability"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304100592335" ID="ID_1033994454" MODIFIED="1304100599408" TEXT="DTLS link-layer crypto"/> +<node CREATED="1304102719307" ID="ID_124649267" MODIFIED="1304103068425" TEXT="Control over TLS/TCP"/> +<node CREATED="1304103298044" ID="ID_228936796" MODIFIED="1304103311205" TEXT="Only RELAY_DATA can go in DTLS"/> +<node CREATED="1304104016445" ID="ID_713518194" MODIFIED="1304104020897" TEXT="Auth only 4 bytes"/> +<node CREATED="1304103511991" ID="ID_1076291370" MODIFIED="1304103528762" TEXT="Sequence number in cell, used for CTR mode"> +<node CREATED="1304103679416" ID="ID_748999637" MODIFIED="1304103683219" TEXT="Set by client"/> +<node CREATED="1304103547903" ID="ID_879907985" MODIFIED="1304103551480" TEXT="Could be a nonce"/> +<node CREATED="1304103551919" ID="ID_515169690" MODIFIED="1304103562496" TEXT="Not re-ordered"/> +<node CREATED="1304103566911" ID="ID_1380084025" MODIFIED="1304103575609" TEXT="Does give away re-ordering"/> +</node> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304104783929" ID="ID_79190564" MODIFIED="1304104790917" POSITION="left" TEXT="Kiraly"> +<node CREATED="1304104792937" ID="ID_9723701" MODIFIED="1304104798747" TEXT="Nested IPSec tunnels"/> +<node CREATED="1304104851810" ID="ID_1220152230" MODIFIED="1304104859731" TEXT="NAT to hide IP addresses"/> +<node CREATED="1304104896123" ID="ID_1715886468" MODIFIED="1304104900268" TEXT="IKE for control"/> +<node CREATED="1304104905251" ID="ID_1088914598" MODIFIED="1304106019775" TEXT="TCP to destination"/> +<node CREATED="1304104944035" ID="ID_793788221" MODIFIED="1304104948765" TEXT="Standards compliant"/> +<node CREATED="1304106245791" ID="ID_1789205175" MODIFIED="1304106255177" TEXT="No scrubbing, but IPSec and TCP needed"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304106039107" ID="ID_1294593103" MODIFIED="1304106041870" POSITION="right" TEXT="Viecco"> +<node CREATED="1304106043444" ID="ID_1944305483" MODIFIED="1304106060576" TEXT="TCP/SOCKS to exit"/> +<node CREATED="1304106061076" ID="ID_1331489235" MODIFIED="1304106064478" TEXT="Protocol scrubbing"/> +<node CREATED="1304106180270" ID="ID_831356979" MODIFIED="1304106192569" TEXT="Custom Transport encyrptioon"> +<node CREATED="1304106194038" ID="ID_1724588563" MODIFIED="1304106198664" TEXT="Plan to move to DTLS"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304106233583" ID="ID_1784279678" MODIFIED="1304106239593" TEXT="Scrubbing of TCP header"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304106756966" ID="ID_642680767" MODIFIED="1304106759137" POSITION="left" TEXT="Cebolla"> +<node CREATED="1304106760390" ID="ID_1045122449" MODIFIED="1304106764145" TEXT="Routes IP"/> +<node CREATED="1304106764583" ID="ID_1496019501" MODIFIED="1304106770201" TEXT="Tunelled over UDP"/> +<node CREATED="1304106770743" ID="ID_1124203747" MODIFIED="1304106774019" TEXT="Nested encryption"/> +</node> +<node CREATED="1304107181901" ID="ID_45616069" MODIFIED="1304107186506" POSITION="right" TEXT="Freedom"> +<node CREATED="1304107186837" ID="ID_1266389197" MODIFIED="1304107220096" TEXT="Scrubbing at stream"/> +<node CREATED="1304107207725" ID="ID_1439067511" MODIFIED="1304107235146" TEXT="Scrubbing at IP packets/encryption"/> +<node CREATED="1304107294207" ID="ID_1626173932" MODIFIED="1304107298306" TEXT="TCP E2E"/> +<node CREATED="1304107362400" ID="ID_495319106" MODIFIED="1304107366588" TEXT="Control over TCP"/> +</node> +</node> +</map> diff --git a/2011/datagram-comparison/datagram-comparison.tex b/2011/datagram-comparison/datagram-comparison.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a12791 --- /dev/null +++ b/2011/datagram-comparison/datagram-comparison.tex @@ -0,0 +1,500 @@ +\documentclass[a4paper]{article} +\usepackage{a4wide} +\usepackage{upgreek} +\usepackage{palatino} +\usepackage{fancyhdr} +\usepackage{color} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{parskip} +%\immediate\write18{sh ./vc} +\input{vc.tex} +%\usepackage{draftwatermark} + +\usepackage{hyperref} +\hypersetup{colorlinks, citecolor=MyDarkRed, filecolor=MyDarkBlue, linkcolor=MyDarkRed, urlcolor=MyDarkBlue} + +\definecolor{MyDarkBlue}{rgb}{0, 0.0, 0.45} +\definecolor{MyDarkRed}{rgb}{0.45, 0.0, 0} +\definecolor{MyDarkGreen}{rgb}{0, 0.45, 0} +\definecolor{MyLightGray}{gray}{.90} +\definecolor{MyLightGreen}{rgb}{0.5, 0.99, 0.5} + +\usepackage{xspace} +\makeatletter +\newcommand{\ie}{i.e.\@\xspace} +\newcommand{\eg}{e.g.\@\xspace} +\newcommand{\etc}{etc.\@\xspace} +\newcommand{\cf}{cf.\@\xspace} +\newcommand{\vs}{vs.\@\xspace} +\newcommand{\wrt}{w.r.t.\@\xspace} +\newcommand{\etal}{\textit{et al.\@\xspace}} +\newcommand{\detal}{\textit{et al.}} +\newcommand{\ia}{inter alia\xspace} +\makeatother + +\usepackage{prettyref} +%% Non-breaking space should really be used +\newrefformat{sec}{Section~\ref{#1}} +%% Page numbers seem a bit redundant in a short paper +\newrefformat{tab}{Table~\ref{#1}} +\newrefformat{fig}{Figure~\ref{#1}} +\newrefformat{cha}{Chapter~\ref{#1}} +\newrefformat{app}{Appendix~\ref{#1}} + +\pagestyle{fancy} +\fancyhf{} + +\fancyhead[C]{\sc revision \VCRevisionMod~(\VCDateISO~\VCTime)} +\fancyfoot[C]{\thepage} + +\newcommand{\figref}[1]{\textsf{#1}} + +\title{Comparison of Tor Datagram Designs} +\author{Steven J. Murdoch} +%\renewcommand{\today}{29 March 2011} + +\begin{document} + +\maketitle + +%\setlength{\parindent}{0pt} +%\nonzeroparskip + +\section{Background} + +A number of performance-related problems have been noted with the current Tor +architecture, resulting in many users restricting their Tor usage to only tasks +which are of high sensitivity, or not using Tor at all. +The most comprehensive analysis of Tor's performance was performed by +Reardon~\cite{reardon-thesis}. +In this work, the author identified the major cause of latency was delay in the +output queue at Tor nodes, resulting from TCP flow control. +This delay is considered higher than necessary due to: +\begin{itemize} +\item High-bandwidth streams unfairly trigger congestion avoidance on +low-bandwidth streams; +\item Packet dropping and re-ordering on one stream triggers unnecessary delay on +other streams. +\end{itemize} + +It has been proposed that to improve performance, the node-to-node +communication should be by unreliable datagrams (UDP), rather than the current +reliable in-order streams (TCP). +This is hoped to improve Tor performance by: +\begin{itemize} +\item Allowing better end-to-end congestion management; +\item Reducing queue lengths on nodes; +\item Preventing cell-loss on one circuit delaying cells on other circuits. +\end{itemize} +Also, moving to an underlying datagram transport may make it easier to support +transporting UDP in addition to TCP. More detailed analysis has been performed +by Reardon and Goldberg~\cite{reardon-usenix}. + +\section{Tor's current architecture} + +To understand proposals for modifications to Tor, it is helpful to understand +the current architecture. +This section will describe Tor's protocol stack, and while it does not use +exactly the same terminology as the Tor Protocol Specification, the description +chosen is designed to make it easier to compare with alternative proposals. + +\subsection{Tor circuit extension} + +\begin{figure} +\begin{center} +\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{tor-extension} +\end{center} +\caption{\label{fig:tor-extension}Protocol stack active when extending a +circuit} +\end{figure} + +\prettyref{fig:tor-extension} shows the scenario when the circuit Initiator +(normally termed the Onion Proxy) has a circuit which currently goes through one +intermediate hop, and terminates on Previous. The Initiator then wishes to +extend this circuit to terminate on Next. In this scenario the active layers +are: + +\paragraph{IP} The host operating system IP stack (and lower layers) is +responsible for \textbf{routing IP +packets} between the host and other Tor-nodes. + +\paragraph{TCP} The host operating system TCP stack is responsible for providing +\textbf{hop-by-hop congestion control}, \textbf{in-order delivery}, and +\textbf{reliability} for TLS data. + +\paragraph{TLS} The TLS stack built into Tor (OpenSSL) is responsible for providing +\textbf{hop-by-hop authentication}, \textbf{integrity} and +\textbf{confidentiality}. + +\paragraph{Circuit} The Tor circuit cryptography layer is responsible for +providing \textbf{confidentiality}. It also \textbf{de-multiplexes} between +different circuits being carried by TLS connections and performs +\textbf{label-switching} routing. + +While the Tor software on all nodes is identical, on intermediate nodes, only +the layers up to and including \figref{Circuit} are active. +Cells received from the incoming TLS connection are decrypted, label-switched, +and routed to the outgoing TLS connection according to its routing table. + +\paragraph{Cell auth} Tor's cell authentication provides \textbf{end-to-end integrity} + +\paragraph{Setup} Tor's setup protocol provides \textbf{connection setup and +management} tightly coupled to \textbf{end-to-end authentication and key +exchange}. It is also responsible for end-to-end congestion control. + +The \figref{Setup} layer can interact directly with the \figref{TLS} layer when +a control message is intended for the directly connected party, or via the +\figref{Circuit} and \figref{Cell Auth} layers when the control message must +pass through intermediaries. + +\subsubsection{The circuit extension process} + +In the case of circuit extension, the \figref{Initiator} first wraps the control +message with authentication (\figref{Cell Auth}), two layers of +encryption (\figref{Circuit}) and passes the cell down to TLS. + +\figref{Intermediate} then removes one layer of encryption and passes the cell down +to TLS. + +When \figref{Previous} receives the cell from \figref{TLS}, the final layer of +encryption is removed, the authentication tag is verified and the control +message is processed. +\figref{Previous} will see that the control message indicates circuit extension +(\texttt{RELAY\_EXTEND}), and will send a \texttt{CREATE} control message to +\figref{Next}. + +\subsection{Data transport} + +\begin{figure} +\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{tor-data} +\caption{\label{fig:tor-data}Protocol stack active when carrying data} +\end{figure} + +When an application wishes to send data over Tor, some additional layers are +brought into play. + +\paragraph{Application} The client application wishes to send some stream data +over Tor. + +\paragraph{SOCKS} The \figref{SOCKS} layer encapsulates the stream data with a +SOCKS header and carries out the SOCKS handshake. + +\paragraph{TCP and IP} In addition to transporting TLS data between Tor nodes, +the host TCP/IP stack is also responsible for transporting the SOCKS stream to +the Tor initiator (typically running on the same host as the application). + +\paragraph{Gateway} At the Initiator, Tor's \figref{Gateway} layer receives SOCKS +packets from the application SOCKS layer, extracts the payload data, and splits +it into cells. These are then encapsulated in the same way as control messages, +and passed to the \figref{Exit} node via any intermediaries. This layer is also +responsible for multiplexing multiple application streams over one circuit. + +At the Exit, the \figref{Gateway} layer receives payload data encapsulated in +cells, and sends it out to the appropriate host via the host TCP/IP stack. + +\paragraph{Cell Auth, Circuit, TLS} These layers are unchanged as intermediate +nodes cannot differentiate between control and data transport cells. + +\subsubsection{The data transport process} + +Based on the SOCKS handshake between \figref{SOCKS} on the \figref{Application}, +the Initiator may create and extend circuits as necessary until it has +established a circuit with the \figref{Exit}. + +The \figref{Gateway} layer at the Initiator then then instructs the +\figref{Gateway} layer at the exit to make a plain TCP connection to the host +requested by Initiator, and send the application stream data to it. + +\section{Alternative architecture proposals} + +This section discusses alternative architectures for Tor, involving the addition +of a datagram hop-by-hop transport. + +\subsection{Reardon} + +\begin{figure} +\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{reardon-data} +\caption{\label{fig:reardon-data}The main change in Reardon's proposal is to have 1:1 circuit per TCP connection mapping, rather than Tor's n:1, but TCP connections are still hop-by-hop in both schemes. +To stop the individual connections being apparent to a network observer, TCP frames are wrapped in DTLS encryption. +To allow this wrapping to be performed, a user-space TCP stack is employed, which has the added advantage of reducing usage of kernel-level sockets (a scarce resource on some platforms) and allowing greater customization of congestion control.} +\end{figure} + +Reardon and Goldberg~\cite{reardon-usenix} propose replacing the \figref{TLS} +layer with DTLS (a datagram variant of DTLS) and replacing \figref{TCP} with +UDP, as shown in \prettyref{fig:reardon-data}. +DTLS still provides confidentiality and authenticity, however UDP does not +provide reliability, in-order delivery, or congestion control. + +The authors therefore propose adding TCP back in, but with each pair of nodes +having a separate hop-by-hop user-space TCP connection for each circuit, rather than one +kernel-space TCP connection for all circuits. +For efficiency, the user-space TCP header is compressed by removing redundant +fields. + +Since the user-space TCP provides reliable in-order delivery of Tor cells, there +needs to be no change to the cell encryption or authentication. A user-space TCP stack +also allows more versatile congestion management; for example dropping cells before +they acknowledged when the corresponding exit circuit is congested. + +\subsection{Viecco: UDP-OR} + +Viecco~\cite{viecco}, as shown in \prettyref{fig:viecco-data} uses end-to-end TCP rather than the hop-by-hop approach of Reardon, and uses the +host TCP stack rather than a user-space one. +Also, control traffic is not sent within a TCP stream so is unreliable. +If messages are lost the initiator must detect a timeout and repeat the action. +TCP is end-to-end, thereby allowing middle nodes to drop and re-order packets, but leaving open the possibility of fingerprinting attacks. + +\begin{figure} +\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{viecco-data} +\caption{\label{fig:viecco-data}In the architecture proposed by Viecco, the initiator TCP stack is responsible for splitting SOCKS payload data into TCP frames. +Tor would then transport these frames directly (after compressing and sanitizing some fields), for it to be reassembled by the host TCP stack on the exit node, have any SOCKS header removed, and be emitted again via the host TCP stack. +Intermediate nodes use UDP, with reliability and congestion control managed by the initiator and exit. +A custom link encryption/authentication scheme is used, but DTLS could equally take its place. +The Circuit and Cell Auth cryptography schemes are updated to handle dropped or re-ordered cells.} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Freedom 2.0} + +\begin{figure} +\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{freedom-data} +\caption{Like Viecco's proposal, TCP is end-to-end, however in Freedom this is initiator to server, rather than initiator to exit.} +\end{figure} + +Full details on Freedom~\cite{freedom2-arch} is not available but it appears that, while like Viecco's proposal, TCP is end-to-end, in Freedom the ends are the Initiator and destination Server, rather than Initiator and Exit. +Like Viecco's proposal, the initiator is responsible for reliability, through its host TCP stack. +However, SOCKS is not used (Freedom captures application data in the host network stack), and control traffic is sent over TCP rather than UDP, and thus may assume reliable in-order delivery. +Freedom also performs protocol filtering, before the data stream is split into TCP frames. + +\subsection{Cebolla and IPPriv} + +Other examples of the Freedom design are Cebolla~\cite{brown} and IPPriv~\cite{kiraly}. +Cebolla is notable for having a restricted topology, however in terms of +transport protocol it appears to be similar to Freedom. IP packets are captured +through a tun device on the initiator, encrypted, and then sent as UDP packets. +At the exit nodes, IP packets are emitted over the tun device. As such, the +characteristics of the initiator TCP stack are exposed to the destination. + +Kiraly~\cite{kiraly} proposes an anonymous communication system based on IPSec: IPPriv. +It operates in a similar way to Tor, with telescoping circuits and link encryption, but uses IPSec for both. +Unlike Tor circuit encryption, IPSec adds a header whether or not authentication is enabled. +Therefore cells must be padded to hide how many layers of encryption is needed, and there is a limit on path length. +Architecturally, IPPriv is similar to Freedom: IP packets are captured at the initiator and emitted at the exit nodes. + +\subsection{Liberatore: 100-tor-spec-udp} + +\begin{figure} +\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{liberatore-data} +\caption{\label{fig:liberatore-data}The Liberatore scheme is largely the same as Tor, except that data is received over UDP SOCKS rather than TCP SOCKS, transported over DTLS/UDP rather than TLS/TCP, and emitted as UDP rather than TCP. To handle the lack of in-order delivery, the Circuit cryptography is changed to have an explicit rather than implicit sequence number, and Cell Auth authenticates cells on the basis of the hash of a single cell rather than a running hash over all cells received in the circuit so far.} +\end{figure} + +Liberatore~\cite{liberatore} proposes a design (shown in \prettyref{fig:liberatore-data}) for the transport of UDP over Tor, but which does not offer in-order reliable delivery, so therefore cannot be used for TCP. +It is intended to work in parallel to the existing TCP variant of Tor, and all control traffic is sent over the existing TLS/TCP connections between nodes; only UDP payload cells are sent over the DTLS/UDP links. + +\section{Transport protocols} + +The transport protocol is used, at a minimum for meeting the in-order reliable transport properties expected by applications to be provided by TCP. + +\subsection{Kernel-mode TCP} + +One option for a transport protocol is to use the kernel TCP stack as a transport protocol. +When TCP sessions are end to end, this introduces a serious anonymity vulnerability as the host operating system could be fingerprinted (if TCP sessions are hop by hop, as in Reardon's proposal, this would not be an issue). +There are also other challenges of using the kernel-mode TCP stack. +Firstly, special operating system access would be needed to intercept packets from virtual network interfaces. +Secondly, Tor would be unable to have low level control over the TCP congestion control algorithms. + +\subsection{User-mode TCP} + +Reardon uses the Daytona TCP stack, which has the difficulty of not being publicly available and under a license incompatible with Tor's +There have been initial attempts to port the FreeBSD TCP stack to user-space, but these are not yet mature. +In any case, Tor will be the primary user of any user-mode TCP stack for the foreseeable future, which could come with significant maintenance costs. + +\subsection{User-mode SCTP} + +When reliability is initiator-to-exit, or hop-by-hop, there is no need to use TCP. +An alternative transport protocol is SCTP, which offers similar functionality to TCP, but with some extra features. +There have been proposals to port the FreeBSD SCTP stack to user-space, and this would be a potential candidate for use in Tor, but the same arguments for user-mode TCP apply to SCTP. + +\subsection{$\upmu$TP} + +$\upmu$TP is a reliable in-order transport protocol using the LEDBAT (Low Extra Delay Background Transport) congestion avoidance algorithm, so as the achieve the following goals: +\begin{itemize} +\item Use all available bandwidth on a link +\item Add little latency +\item Yield to TCP flows using the same bottleneck link +\end{itemize} + +Its major advantage over other user-space alternatives is that it is implemented in libutp\footnote{\url{https://github.com/bittorrent/libutp/}}, and this implementation has seen wide usage. +Therefore if Tor were to adopt this library, we would not be entirely responsible for maintenance, and we have reasonable expectation that there would not be blocking bugs. +However, $\upmu$TP is designed to yield to TCP, whereas Tor will likely aim to be TCP-friendly but not necessarily yield to it. +Also, $\upmu$TP does not have an explicit method to preserve fairness between flows sharing the same link -- one of the main goals of a transport protocol for Tor. +Nevertheless, it may be possible to tweak the parameters of libutp to be more suitable for Tor. + +\subsection{CurveCP} + +CurveCP is a transport protocol offering congestion management and reliable in-order delivery. +It also implements mandatory encryption and authentication. +While both of these are required, they are not suitable for use within datagram-Tor directly. +Firstly, hop-by-hop encryption and authentication may need to be performed without reliable in-order delivery. +Secondly, the circuit encryption must be done without increasing length but CurveCP increases message lengths to accommodate the authentication tag. + +Even so, it would be possible to use CurveCP as the transport protocol, and accept the inefficiency of encrypting data which is already encrypted. +End-to-end authentication is desirable, so this feature would be of use although it would be inefficient to use the CurveCP handshake protocol when the two ends already share a key. + +Alternatively, CurveCP could be refactored to separate out the congestion control and reliable in-order delivery and use this as an end-to-end transport protocol. +Also, the encryption and authentication could be used for hop-to-hop links, but with reliable in-order delivery disabled. + +A user-mode implementation for CurveCP is available\footnote{See \texttt{curvecp/} in \url{http://hyperelliptic.org/nacl/nacl-20110221.tar.bz2}}, but does not include an explicit copyright statement. +However related software from the author (Curve25519) was released into the public domain, so it is likely that CurveCP will also be. + +\section{Design decisions to be made} + +\subsection{Reliability and congestion control end-points and granularity} + +A variety of options are available for the end-points for reliability and congestion control protocols. +In Tor, TCP is used for both reliability and congestion control, on a hop-by-hop basis, with link level granularity. +In Reardon's proposal, TCP is still hop-by-hop, but at circuit level granularity. +With Viecco's proposal, TCP is initiator-to-exit, at stream level. +Finally, Freedom, IPPriv, and Cebolla all have TCP initiator-to-server. + +An advantage of initiator-to-exit/server reliability is that intermediate nodes may drop cells when load is high, and rely on congestion control to reduce the data rate. +In contrast, with hop-by-hop reliability, once a cell has been acknowledged, it may not be dropped. +However, circuit level cryptography is made easier and more efficient if it can assume reliability from the underlying transport. + +A risk of initiator-to-exit/server reliability is that the characteristics of the reliability protocol are exposed to nodes other than those which the initiator directly connects to. +This raises the possibility of fingerprinting, especially if the initiator's host networking stack is used. + +Link level granularity should in principle have lower overhead, but has the disadvantage that lost cells from one circuit will cause unnecessary delay on other circuits. +Circuit level granularity, as proposed by Reardon, removes this problem and thus decreases latency when there is packet loss. +Stream level granularity requires initiator-to-exit/server reliability as the stream level is only exposed to the exit node and server, but in principle should reduce unnecessary delay even more. + +Of course it is not necessary for reliability and congestion control to be linked, but existing transport protocols offer both. +Tor currently uses TCP for link level congestion control, but uses a custom algorithm for circuit and stream level. +Unless stream level granularity is used for the transport-protocol-provided congestion control, it is likely that some other congestion control algorithm will be needed to preserve fairness between different streams on a circuit. + +\subsection{First-hop protocol} + +The primary reason to use a datagram transport is to reduce congestion within the core network. +Therefore, it is not essential to use datagram transport for the connection from initiator to first-hop. +Bridge users, who desire censorship-resistance may therefore wish to continuing using TLS over TCP, rather than datagrams. +This will be relatively simple to accommodate with hop-to-hop reliability. +However, with initiator to exit/server reliability, either there would need to be TCP within TCP (and the consequential performance impact), or the bridge node would need to be the TCP end point, rather than initiator. + +It may however be desirable to use a datagram transport for the first-hop when used in conjunction with pluggable transports. +This is because the pluggable transport would not need to provide reliability and so could run over UDP with little difficulty (\eg disguising traffic as VoIP). +Even with TCP-based pluggable transports, switching to datagram transport for the first hop could be useful. +For example, while HTTP runs over TCP, it does not provide in-order reliable transport when multiple connections would be used (as is the case for any realistic implementation). + +\subsection{Migration path} + +Clearly it is essential that there be a smooth transition between the existing TCP transport and datagram transport. +It is also necessary that the initial users of datagram transports are sufficiently numerous so as not to be deanonymized. +It would also be desirable to make maximum usage of nodes which have been upgraded to support datagram transports. + +Therefore, Tor would have to support both TCP and datagram transports until a sufficient proportion of the network has upgraded. +If TCP is still used for first-hop connections, Tor nodes would have to support TCP for the foreseeable future. + +With hop-by-hop reliability, it would be possible to use datagram transports for segments of a circuit where a pair of nodes support datagram transports. +In contrast, with initiator-to-exit/server reliability, all hops for a circuit would need to support datagram transports for a circuit to use datagram transports. +This means that more circuits would able to, at least partially, use datagram transports for hop-by-hop reliability. + +So as to preserve the anonymity set of datagram transport users, clients should not use datagram transports until a sufficient number of other clients support them. +This could be achieved by having a flag in the consensus which states whether datagram transports should be used. +This flag would only be set once enough of the network supports datagram transports, on the assumption that clients upgrade roughly as frequently as nodes. + +The need for collective action is less severe for hop-by-hop reliability because the datagram transport is only visible on a hop-by-hop basis. +However, it should be assumed that whether a circuit is using hop-by-hop reliability will be visible to other hops on the circuit based on traffic characteristics. +For initiator-to-exit/server reliability whether the initiator supports datagram transport will be clearly visible to all hops on the circuit. + +\subsection{Transport protocol} + +A transport protocol will need to be selected, such as $\upmu$TP, CurveCP, TCP or SCTP (user-mode or kernel-mode). + +\subsection{Hop-to-hop encryption and authenticity} + +For all schemes considered, hop-by-hop encryption is required to hide which packet belongs to which circuit; authenticity is also highly desirable. +Currently Tor uses TLS, but this requires a reliable link layer, which is likely to be eliminated to reduce unnecessary delay in conditions of packet loss. +The ``natural'' choice would be to use DTLS, as adopted by Reardon, but a custom protocol, such as that adopted by Viecco, is another possibility. +CurveCP includes a suitable link layer encryption, but the implementation tightly couples the encryption/authentication layer with the reliability and congestion control. + +\subsection{Socket usage} + +One current limiting factor for Tor nodes running on Windows is limitations on number of sockets. +%TODO: Is this fixed by iocp? +All the proposed datagram schemes with user-space reliability protocols reduce socket usage on intermediate nodes, which may be beneficial if the IOCP functionality in libevent does not completely solve this issue. +However high socket usage is potentially still an issue on exit nodes, except for those proposals which use initiator-to-server reliability. + +\subsection{Circuit encryption and cell authentication} + +Tor's current circuit encryption scheme is AES CTR mode without explicit IVs. +This approach depends on a reliable in-order transport so where reliability is above circuit encryption in the protocol stack (as it is with initiator-to-exit/server reliability), a different approach would be needed. +The most obvious way of extending circuit encryption would be to include an IV in every cell, which would increase the protocol overhead but allow cells to be dropped or re-ordered without affecting the decryption of others. +For hop-by-hop reliability, circuit encryption is above reliability and so no change is needed. + +Tor's current cell authentication scheme is to include a running digest over all cells sent on this circuit. +The digest is only 32 bits, on the basis that a circuit is destroyed if the digest doesn't match and therefore in the event that a cell is not detected as corrupted immediately, it is very likely that the following cell will be rejected and the circuit destroyed. + +Calculating a running digest is possible with hop-by-hop reliability so there need be no change to cell authentication for this approach. +However with Liberatore's and Viecco's approach, cell authentication is performed at a lower layer in the protocol stack than any reliability protocol and so a running digest is no longer suitable. +Therefore a cell digest could be used, but to give similar security guarantees, the digest length would need to be extended. + +Tor does not guarantee authenticity of cells, mainly because this would require a non-length-preserving cell encryption and thus limit path lengths and require padding to hide how many layers of encryption are in place. +The path length limit is no longer an issue because there are other methods in place for Tor to limit path length, however padding may still be undesirable for efficiency reasons. +Tor's lack of cell authenticity permits tagging attacks, but this is explicitly permitted by the Tor threat model. +If this is considered a problem, an approach like Kiraly's, which includes hop-by-hop cell authentication, could be adopted. + +\subsection{Carrying UDP traffic} + +The primary motivation for Tor datagram transports is to improve the performance of TCP over Tor. +However, it may also be desirable to allow UDP to be sent over Tor, for example VoIP traffic. +All the schemes which use initiator-to-server reliability will naturally support UDP, as Tor would not need to even know the protocol type of packets. +Liberatore's proposal is explicitly designed to support UDP, although UDP packets will not be indistinguishable from TCP packets because they are inside different link-layer encapsulations. +Viecco's proposal could be easily extended to transport UDP, if the SOCKS server on the exit node were extended to support UDP. +Reardon's proposal is more challenging to support UDP because reliability is ensured at the circuit layer and so any dropped cells will be re-transmitted, which will defeat the purpose of the application using UDP in the first place. +Circuits could be marked as not needing reliability, but a different circuit encryption and cell authentication scheme would need to be used for these; also such circuits would be distinguishable from TCP circuits by intermediate nodes. + +\subsection{Carrying ACK messages} + +ACK messages needed for reliability and congestion control may need to be treated specially because they are much shorter than data packets. +It would be possible to pad them to the same size as data packets, but this may be inefficient. +With hop-by-hop reliability, ACK packets would be encrypted using DTLS which only adds a small amount of padding, so an external adversary would likely be able to tell which packets are ACK messages and thus learn something about the circuits being carried. +With initiator-to-server/exit reliability the situation is more problematic as now information on traffic characteristics would be more visible to middle nodes. + +\paragraph{Unreliable control messages} + +Viecco proposes that control messages should not be carried in a reliable transport. +A transport session is set up only between Initiator and Exit and only used for carrying data. +This is best option in terms of minimizing state on intermediate Tor nodes, and is the closest to the standard Internet router model. +It also reduces the overhead of setting up transport streams for carrying control messages. +However it is complex from a protocol-design perspective as all participants must assume that any control message may be dropped at any point and arbitrarily re-ordered. +In principle control messages may be corrupted too, but the hop-by-hop integrity protocol should prevent this from happening. + +\section{Recommendations and future study} + +This section proposes a set of provisional recommendations and raises questions which should be answered in further analysis. + +\subsection{Architecture} + +The most fundamental question to be resolved is the overall architecture: hop-by-hop reliability (\eg Reardon), initiator-to-exit reliability (\eg Viecco) or initiator-to-server reliability (\eg Freedom). +There are arguments for each approach, but in the absence of conclusive performance results, one approach is to guide the architecture by engineering and deployment difficulties. +Initiator-to-server reliability would require low-level access on exit nodes, so as to generate raw packets, which could put pressure on the already scarce resource of exit bandwidth. +Initiator-to-exit has the problem that the cryptographic protocols would need to be modified to handle the lack of reliable in-order delivery of cells. +In comparison, this makes hop-by-hop reliability (\eg Reardon) the most promising approach. + +\subsection{Transport protocol} + +No single candidate for transport protocol is the obvious choice. +The anonymity and engineering difficulties with using the kernel-mode TCP stack suggest that this approach is not suitable, except perhaps for experimentation. +User-mode TCP or SCTP stacks are possible, but are not yet available in a usable form. +$\upmu$TP and CurveCP are readily available, but $\upmu$TP would be the easiest to integrate and so is a good choice for testing. +Further study is needed as to whether investing engineering time in user-mode TCP or SCTP is a good choice, compared to analyzing and tuning $\upmu$TP so that it has the properties required. + +\subsection{Other trade offs} + +A consequence of adoption hop-by-hop reliability is that Tor would remain able only to carry TCP traffic. +This may be the prudent engineering choice, so as to avoid having to change many aspects of Tor at the same time. +Nevertheless, if VoIP and similar protocols are strongly desirable, it may be worth revisiting this decision. + +\bibliographystyle{alpha} +\bibliography{references} + +\end{document} diff --git a/2011/datagram-comparison/freedom-data.svg b/2011/datagram-comparison/freedom-data.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a032ff --- 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{Kiraly, C. and Bianchi, G. and Lo Cigno, R.}, + institution = {University of Trento}, + year = {2008}, + month = {September}, + number = {DISI-08-041}, + note = {\url{http://disi.unitn.it/locigno/preprints/TR-DISI-08-041.pdf}} +} + +@techreport{brown, + title = {Cebolla -- Pragmatic IP Anonymity}, + year = {2002}, + booktitle = {Ottowa Linux Symposium}, + month = {June}, + author = {Zach Brown}, + note = {\url{http://www.cypherspace.org/cebolla/cebolla.pdf}}, +} + +@mastersthesis{reardon-thesis, + title = {Improving {Tor} using a {TCP}-over-{DTLS} Tunnel}, + author = {Reardon, Joel}, + school = {University of Waterloo}, + year = {2008}, + month = {September}, + www_tags = {selected}, + www_abstract_url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4011}, + www_section = {Anonymous communication}, + www_pdf_url = {http://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/10012/4011/1/thesis.pdf}, + note = {\url{http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4011}} +} + +@techreport{liberatore, + title = {Tor Unreliable Datagram Extension Proposal}, + author = {Marc Liberatore}, + year = {2006}, + month = {February}, + note = +{\url{https://gitweb.torproject.org/torspec.git/blob/HEAD:/proposals/100-tor-spec-udp.txt}}, + institution = {The {T}or {P}roject}, + number = {100}, + type = {Proposal}, +} + +@techreport{freedom2-arch, + title = {Freedom Systems 2.0 Architecture}, + author = {Philippe Boucher and Adam Shostack and Ian Goldberg}, + institution = {Zero Knowledge Systems, {Inc.}}, + year = {2000}, + month = {December}, + type = {White Paper}, + www_tags = {selected}, + www_section = {Anonymous communication}, + www_pdf_url = {http://osiris.978.org/~brianr/crypto-research/anon/www.freedom.net/products/whitepapers/Freedom_System_2_Architecture.pdf}, + day = {18}, +} + diff --git a/2011/datagram-comparison/tor-data.svg b/2011/datagram-comparison/tor-data.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..75db78e --- /dev/null +++ b/2011/datagram-comparison/tor-data.svg @@ -0,0 +1,738 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" 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+#!/bin/sh +# This is file 'vc' from the vc bundle for TeX. +# The original file can be found at CTAN:support/vc. +# This file is Public Domain. + +# Parse command line options. +full=0 +mod=0 +while [ -n "$(echo $1 | grep '-')" ]; do + case $1 in + -f ) full=1 ;; + -m ) mod=1 ;; + * ) echo 'usage: vc [-f] [-m]' + exit 1 + esac + shift +done +# English locale. +LC_ALL=C +git --no-pager log -1 HEAD --pretty=format:"Hash: %H%nAbr. Hash: %h%nParent Hashes: %P%nAbr. Parent Hashes: %p%nAuthor Name: %an%nAuthor Email: %ae%nAuthor Date: %ai%nCommitter Name: %cn%nCommitter Email: %ce%nCommitter Date: %ci%n" |gawk -v script=log -v full=$full -f vc-git.awk > vc.tex +if [ "$mod" = 1 ] +then + git status |gawk -v script=status -f vc-git.awk >> vc.tex +fi diff --git a/2011/datagram-comparison/vc-git.awk b/2011/datagram-comparison/vc-git.awk new file mode 100644 index 0000000..66b3526 --- /dev/null +++ b/2011/datagram-comparison/vc-git.awk @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +# This is file 'vc-git.awk' from the vc bundle for TeX. +# The original file can be found at CTAN:support/vc. +# This file is Public Domain. +BEGIN { + +### Process output of "git status". + if (script=="status") { + modified = 0 + } + +} + + + +### Process output of "git log". +script=="log" && /^Hash:/ { Hash = substr($0, 2+match($0, ":")) } +script=="log" && /^Abr. Hash:/ { AbrHash = substr($0, 2+match($0, ":")) } +script=="log" && /^Parent Hashes:/ { ParentHashes = substr($0, 2+match($0, ":")) } +script=="log" && /^Abr. Parent Hashes:/ { AbrParentHashes = substr($0, 2+match($0, ":")) } +script=="log" && /^Author Name:/ { AuthorName = substr($0, 2+match($0, ":")) } +script=="log" && /^Author Email:/ { AuthorEmail = substr($0, 2+match($0, ":")) } +script=="log" && /^Author Date:/ { AuthorDate = substr($0, 2+match($0, ":")) } +script=="log" && /^Committer Name:/ { CommitterName = substr($0, 2+match($0, ":")) } +script=="log" && /^Committer Email:/ { CommitterEmail = substr($0, 2+match($0, ":")) } +script=="log" && /^Committer Date:/ { CommitterDate = substr($0, 2+match($0, ":")) } + +### Process output of "git status". +### Changed index? +script=="status" && /^# Changes to be committed:/ { modified = 1 } +### Unstaged modifications? +script=="status" && /^# Changed but not updated:/ { modified = 2 } + + + +END { + +### Process output of "git log". + if (script=="log") { +### Standard encoding is UTF-8. + if (Encoding == "") Encoding = "UTF-8" +### Extract relevant information from variables. + LongDate = substr(AuthorDate, 1, 25) + DateRAW = substr(LongDate, 1, 10) + DateISO = DateRAW + DateTEX = DateISO + gsub("-", "/", DateTEX) + Time = substr(LongDate, 12, 14) +### Write file identification to vc.tex. + print "%%% This file has been generated by the vc bundle for TeX." + print "%%% Do not edit this file!" + print "%%%" +### Write Git specific macros. + print "%%% Define Git specific macros." + print "\\gdef\\GITHash{" Hash "}%" + print "\\gdef\\GITAbrHash{" AbrHash "}%" + print "\\gdef\\GITParentHashes{" ParentHashes "}%" + print "\\gdef\\GITAbrParentHashes{" AbrParentHashes "}%" + print "\\gdef\\GITAuthorName{" AuthorName "}%" + print "\\gdef\\GITAuthorEmail{" AuthorEmail "}%" + print "\\gdef\\GITAuthorDate{" AuthorDate "}%" + print "\\gdef\\GITCommitterName{" CommitterName "}%" + print "\\gdef\\GITCommitterEmail{" CommitterEmail "}%" + print "\\gdef\\GITCommitterDate{" CommitterDate "}%" +### Write generic version control macros. + print "%%% Define generic version control 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