commit c4d7e99fa7f161926bb8eb0990da147533740116 Author: Karsten Loesing karsten.loesing@gmx.net Date: Fri Mar 9 09:53:20 2012 +0100
Clean up bridge scaling report (#4499). --- task-4499/bridge-scaling.tex | 106 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------- 1 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)
diff --git a/task-4499/bridge-scaling.tex b/task-4499/bridge-scaling.tex index 14dae1a..6acf2d7 100644 --- a/task-4499/bridge-scaling.tex +++ b/task-4499/bridge-scaling.tex @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ \usepackage{graphics} \usepackage{color} \begin{document} -\title{Investigating scaling points to handle more bridges} +\title{What if the Tor network had 50,000 bridges?} \author{Karsten Loesing\{\tt karsten@torproject.org}}
\maketitle @@ -13,25 +13,32 @@
The current bridge infrastructure relies on a central bridge authority to collect, distribute, and publish bridge relay descriptors. +There are currently 1,000 bridges running in the Tor network.\footnote{% +\url{https://metrics.torproject.org/network.html#networksize%7D%7D We believe the current infrastructure can handle up to 10,000 bridges. +Potential performance bottlenecks include:
-The scaling points involve the database of descriptors, the metrics portal -and its ability to handle this many descriptors for analysis, and the -reachability testing part of the code for the bridge authority. -We should investigate scaling points to handle more than 10,000 bridge -descriptors. +\begin{itemize} +\item the bridge authority Tonga, where all (public) bridges register and +which performs periodic reachability tests to confirm that bridges are +running, +\item BridgeDB, which stores currently running bridges and hands them out +to bridge users, and +\item metrics-db, which sanitizes bridge descriptors for later analysis +like statistics on daily connecting bridge users. +\end{itemize}
-\section{Early results} +\section{Load-testing BridgeDB and metrics-db}
We started this analysis by writing a small tool to generate sample data -for BridgeDB and metrics-db. +for BridgeDB and metrics-db to load-test them. This tool takes the contents from one of Tonga's bridge tarball as input, copies them a given number of times, and overwrites the first two bytes of relay fingerprints in every copy with 0000, 0001, etc. The tool also fixes references between network statuses, server descriptors, and extra-info descriptors. This is sufficient to trick BridgeDB and metrics-db into thinking that -relays in the copies are distinct relays. +bridges in the copies are distinct bridges. We used the tool to generate tarballs with 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 times as many bridge descriptors in them.
@@ -41,12 +48,11 @@ tarball and writes them to a local database. metrics-db sanitizes two half-hourly created tarballs every hour, establishes an internal mapping between descriptors, and writes sanitized descriptors with fixed references to disk. - Figure~\ref{fig:bridgescaling} shows the results.
\begin{figure}[t] \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bridge-scaling.png} -%\caption{} +\caption{Results from load-testing BridgeDB and metrics-db} \label{fig:bridgescaling} \end{figure}
@@ -58,16 +64,15 @@ to the hosts transferring and storing bridge tarballs are growing with the tarballs. We'll want to pay extra attention to disk space running out on those hosts. +These tarballs have substantial overlap. +If we have tens of thousands of descriptors, we would want to get smarter +at sending diffs over to BridgeDB and metrics-db.\footnote{See comment at +\url{https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/ticket/4499#comment:7%7D%7D
The middle graph shows how long BridgeDB takes to load descriptors from a tarball. This graph is linear, too, which indicates that BridgeDB can handle an increase in the number of bridges pretty well. -One thing we couldn't check is whether BridgeDB's ability to serve client -requests is in any way affected during the descriptor import. -We assume it'll be fine. -We should ask Aaron, if there are other things in BridgeDB that we -overlooked that may not scale.
The lower graph shows how metrics-db can or cannot handle more bridges. The growth is slightly worse than linear. @@ -79,39 +84,58 @@ We might have to sanitize bridge descriptors in a different thread or process than the one that fetches all the other metrics data. We can also look into other Java libraries to handle .gz-compressed files that are faster than the one we're using. -So, we can probably handle 25K bridges somehow, and maybe even 50K. -Somehow.
-Finally, note that we left out the most important part of this analysis: +\section{Looking at concurrency in BridgeDB} + +While performing the load-test on BridgeDB we were wondering whether it +can serve client requests while loading bridges. +Turns out BridgeDB's interaction with users freezes while it's reading a +new set of data. +This isn't that much of a problem with a few hundred bridges and unlucky +clients having to wait 10 seconds for their bridges. +But it becomes a problem when BridgeDB is busy for a minute or two, twice +an hour. +We started discussing importing bridges into BridgeDB in a separate thread +and database transaction.\footnote{% +\url{https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/ticket/5232%7D%7D + +\section{Scalability of the bridge authority Tonga} + +We left out the most important part of this analysis: can Tonga, or more generally, a single bridge authority handle this increase in bridges? +Tonga still does a reachability test on each bridge every 21~minutes or so. +Eventually the number of TLS handshakes it's doing will overwhelm its +CPU.\footnote{% +\url{https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/ticket/4499#comment:7%7D%7D + We're not sure how to test such a setting, or at least without running 50K bridges in a private network. We could imagine this requires some more sophisticated sample data generation including getting the crypto right and then talking to Tonga's DirPort. -If there's an easy way to test this, we'll do it. -If not, we can always hope for the best. -What can go wrong. - -\section{Work left to do} - -If we end up with way too many bridges, here are a few things we'll want -to look at updating: - -\begin{itemize} -\item Tonga still does a reachability test on each bridge every 21 minutes -or so. -Eventually the number of TLS handshakes it's doing will overwhelm its cpu. -\item The tarballs we make every half hour have substantial overlap. -If we have tens of thousands of descriptors, we would want to get smarter -at sending diffs over to bridgedb. -\item Somebody should check whether BridgeDB's interaction with users -freezes while it's reading a new set of data. -\end{itemize} - -%\bibliography{bridge-scaling} -%\bibliographystyle{plain} +We didn't find an easy way to test this. + +A possible fix would be to increase the reachability test interval from +21~minutes to some higher value. +A long-term fix would be to come up with a design that has more than one +single bridge authority. + +\section{Conclusion} + +In conclusion, we found that a massive increase in bridges in the Tor +network by a factor of 10 to 50 can be harmful to Tor's infrastructure. +We identified possible bottlenecks: Tonga's reachability test interval, +bridge tarball sizes for transfer between Tonga and BridgeDB/metrics-db, +loading bridges into BridgeDB, and sanitizing bridges in metrics-db. + +During this analysis we discovered a design bug in BridgeDB which makes it +freeze while reading new bridge descriptors. +This bug should be fixed regardless of scaling to 10K--50K bridges, +because it already affects users. +The suggested changes to Tonga, transfering tarballs between hosts, and +changes to metrics-db can be postponed until there's an actual problem, +not just a theoretical one.
\end{document}