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[tech-reports/master] Add Sebastian's different-ways-use-bridge blog post.
by karsten＠torproject.org 09 Aug '12
by karsten＠torproject.org 09 Aug '12
09 Aug '12
commit 9557af36b1732afe864641291886102eafb8f6e2
Author: Karsten Loesing <karsten.loesing(a)gmx.net>
Date: Wed Aug 8 10:18:55 2012 +0200
Add Sebastian's different-ways-use-bridge blog post.
---
2011/different-ways-use-bridge/.gitignore | 3 +
.../bridge-downloads-per-desc.png | Bin 0 -> 54142 bytes
.../bridge-total-downloads.png | Bin 0 -> 43349 bytes
.../different-ways-use-bridge.tex | 184 ++++++++++++++++++++
2011/different-ways-use-bridge/tortechrep.cls | 1 +
5 files changed, 188 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
diff --git a/2011/different-ways-use-bridge/.gitignore b/2011/different-ways-use-bridge/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f71e990
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2011/different-ways-use-bridge/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+different-ways-use-bridge.pdf
+different-ways-use-bridge-2011-11-29.pdf
+
diff --git a/2011/different-ways-use-bridge/bridge-downloads-per-desc.png b/2011/different-ways-use-bridge/bridge-downloads-per-desc.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d83723f
Binary files /dev/null and b/2011/different-ways-use-bridge/bridge-downloads-per-desc.png differ
diff --git a/2011/different-ways-use-bridge/bridge-total-downloads.png b/2011/different-ways-use-bridge/bridge-total-downloads.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd00d1f
Binary files /dev/null and b/2011/different-ways-use-bridge/bridge-total-downloads.png differ
diff --git a/2011/different-ways-use-bridge/different-ways-use-bridge.tex b/2011/different-ways-use-bridge/different-ways-use-bridge.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b0ce89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2011/different-ways-use-bridge/different-ways-use-bridge.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+\documentclass{tortechrep}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\begin{document}
+
+\author{Sebastian Hahn}
+\contact{sebastian(a)torproject.org}
+\reportid{DRAFT}
+\date{November 29, 2011}
+\title{Different Ways to Use a Bridge}
+\maketitle
+
+\section{Different Ways to Use a Bridge}
+
+When some adversary prevents users from reaching the Tor network, our most
+popular answer is using bridge relays (or bridges for short).
+Those are hidden relays, not listed along with all the other relays in the
+networkstatus documents.
+Currently, we have about 600 of them, and censors are having different
+luck learning and blocking them---see the 10 ways to discover Tor bridges
+blog post for more on how discovery approaches may work.%
+\footnote{\url{https://blog.torproject.org/blog/research-problems-ten-ways-discover-tor-bridges}}
+China appears to be the only place able to successfully block most bridges
+consistently, whereas other places occasionally manage to block Tor's
+handshake and as a byproduct block all bridges too.
+
+Bridge users can be broadly grouped in three camps:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Tor is blocked, and some way---any way---to reach the network has to
+be found.
+The adversary is not very dangerous, but very annoying.
+\item Tor may or may not be blocked, but the user is trying to hide the
+fact they're hiding Tor.
+The adversary may be extremely dangerous.
+\item Other bridge users: Testing whether the bridge works (automated or
+manual), probing, people using bridges without their knowledge because
+they came pre-configured in their bundle.
+\end{itemize}
+
+Here we examine the first two use cases more closely.
+Specifically, we want to look at properties of a bridge that must exist
+for it to be useful to a user.
+
+\section{Bridges---building blocks}
+
+First off, it is helpful to understand some basics about bridges and how
+they are used by normal users.
+
+Bridges are very similar to ordinary relays, in that they are operated by
+volunteers who made the decision to help people reach the Tor network.
+The difference to a normal relay is where the information about the bridge
+is published to---bridges can choose to either publish to the Bridge
+Authority (a special relay collecting all bridge addresses that it
+receives), or to not publish their information anywhere.
+The former are called public bridges, the latter private bridges.
+
+We don't have any information about the number of private bridges, but
+since the Bridge Authority collects data about the public bridges, we do
+know that bridges are used in the real world.
+See the bridge users%
+\footnote{\url{https://metrics.torproject.org/users.html\#bridge-users}}
+and networksize graphs%
+\footnote{\url{https://metrics.torproject.org/network.html\#networksize}}
+for some examples.
+Not having data about private bridges or their users means some of the
+analysis below is based on discussions with users of private bridges and
+our best estimates, and it can't be backed up by statistical data.
+
+The reason we're using a Bridge Authority and collecting information about
+bridges is that we want to give out bridges to people who aren't in a
+position to learn about a private bridge themselves.
+
+``Learning about a bridge'' generally means learning about the bridge's IP
+address and port, so that a connection can be made.
+Optionally, the bridge identity fingerprint is included, too---this helps
+the client to verify that it is actually talking to the bridge, and not
+someone that is intercepting the network communication.
+For a private bridge, the operator has to pass on that information; public
+bridges wrap up some information about themselves in what is called their
+bridge descriptor and send that to the bridge authority.
+The bridge descriptor includes some statistical information, like
+aggregated user counts and countries of origin of traffic.
+Our analysis here focuses solely on the data provided by public bridges.
+
+Once a user has learned about some bridges, she configures her Tor client
+to use them, typically by entering them into the appropriate field in
+Vidalia.
+Alternatively, she might use a different controller or put the data into
+tor's configuration file directly.
+
+\section{Learning from bridge descriptor fetches}
+
+We've been collecting bridge descriptor fetch statistics on the bridge
+authority, and are using this data to pose some questions and propose some
+changes.
+The statistics collected are how many bridge descriptors were served in
+total, and how many unique descriptors were served, as well as the 0, 25,
+50, 75 and 100 percentiles of fetches per descriptor.
+Every 24 hours, the current statistics are written to disk and the
+counters reset.
+The current statistics are attached to this post, for closer inspection.
+We've also prepared two graphs in Figures~\ref{fig:bridge-total-downloads}
+and \ref{fig:bridge-downloads-per-desc} to easily see the data at a
+glance.
+
+\begin{figure}
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bridge-total-downloads.png}
+\caption{Daily descriptor downloads from the bridge authority}
+\label{fig:bridge-total-downloads}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bridge-downloads-per-desc.png}
+\caption{Daily downloads per descriptor from the bridge authority}
+\label{fig:bridge-downloads-per-desc}
+\end{figure}
+
+The first thing to note is that there aren't very many bridge descriptor
+fetches at all, which isn't a big surprise: The current Tor bundles don't
+fetch them when they're used in the typical way, that is by adding some
+bridges via Vidalia's interface after bridges were discovered via one of
+our bridge distribution channels.
+Over the past month, there have been between 3900 and 6600 fetches per
+day, with a median of 8 fetches per bridge.
+The most fetched descriptor is fetched up to 350 times per day, indicating
+that it does indeed belong to a bridge that was given out with a
+fingerprint and being used by Tor clients.
+We have gotten some reports that a bundle circulated with pre-configured
+bridges, and this could account for the many fetches.
+
+Secondly, most bridge descriptors are not even fetched from the authority.
+This is a clear indication that we can improve our odds of updating bridge
+clients with current bridge info if we can get them to request the
+information better.
+
+\section{Improving Tor's behaviour for the two user groups}
+
+The first group (``Tor is blocked, and some way to reach the network has
+to be found'') is mostly concerned about circumvention, without
+necessarily hiding that they're using Tor from someone.
+Typically, access to the Internet is filtered, but circumventing a filter
+isn't too risky and people are more concerned with access than hiding
+their tracks from a data-collecting adversary.
+Speed, bootstrapping performance, and little intervention/maintenance of a
+setup are the biggest goals.
+
+Adding auto-discovery mechanisms for bridges that changed their IP address
+will help this group gain a lot more robustness when it comes to
+maintaining connectivity against an adversary that blocks public relays,
+but isn't very quick in blocking all bridges.
+As far as we know, this is currently true for the majority of our bridge
+userbase.
+
+For the second group (``Tor may or may not be blocked, but the user is
+trying to hide the fact they're hiding Tor''), precise control over Tor's
+actions is much more important than constant connectivity, and private
+bridges might be utilized to that end as well.
+A user in this group wants to keep the bridges he's using secret, and puts
+up with frequent updates to the configuration for the added safety of only
+connecting to a pre-specified IP address:port combination.
+We can't do very much for a user belonging to this group with regard to
+bridges, but he will very much benefit from improvements made to our
+general fingerprintability resistance.
+Also options like the \texttt{DisableNetwork}%
+\footnote{\url{https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/ticket/3644}}
+option (prevent touching the network in any kind of way until this option
+is changed) that was recently introduced to Tor help him.
+
+Another interesting point here is that we can indirectly improve the
+behaviour for the first group by not making it too easy to learn about
+bridges, because censors can use the same data to more effectively block
+them.
+This means that we shouldn't, for example, start giving out significantly
+more bridges to a single user.
+
+We've written a proposal%
+\footnote{\url{https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-dev/2011-November/003097.html}}
+to implement some changes in Tor, to better facilitate the needs of the
+first group of bridge users.
+
+\end{document}
+
diff --git a/2011/different-ways-use-bridge/tortechrep.cls b/2011/different-ways-use-bridge/tortechrep.cls
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..4c24db2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2011/different-ways-use-bridge/tortechrep.cls
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../tortechrep.cls
\ No newline at end of file
1
0
[translation/https_everywhere_completed] Update translations for https_everywhere_completed
by translation＠torproject.org 08 Aug '12
by translation＠torproject.org 08 Aug '12
08 Aug '12
commit 43d4c0fc959ebdc0f2308849a64c3b51a565fed4
Author: Translation commit bot <translation(a)torproject.org>
Date: Wed Aug 8 18:15:35 2012 +0000
Update translations for https_everywhere_completed
---
fa/https-everywhere.properties | 4 +++-
1 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
diff --git a/fa/https-everywhere.properties b/fa/https-everywhere.properties
index b34ab0c..b5c6120 100644
--- a/fa/https-everywhere.properties
+++ b/fa/https-everywhere.properties
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
https-everywhere.menu.globalEnable = HTTPS همهجا را فعال کنید
https-everywhere.menu.globalDisable = HTTPS همهجا را غیرفعال کنید
-
+https-everywhere.menu.enableDisable = فعال/غیر فعال کردن قوانین
+https-everywhere.menu.noRules = (هیچ قانونی برای این صفحه وجود ندارد)
+https-everywhere.menu.unknownRules = (قوانین مربوط به این صفحه ناشناخته است)
1
0
[translation/https_everywhere] Update translations for https_everywhere
by translation＠torproject.org 08 Aug '12
by translation＠torproject.org 08 Aug '12
08 Aug '12
commit ad902f4405203c1c4fdff87bd19c66de66c2e906
Author: Translation commit bot <translation(a)torproject.org>
Date: Wed Aug 8 18:15:30 2012 +0000
Update translations for https_everywhere
---
fa/https-everywhere.properties | 6 +++---
1 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
diff --git a/fa/https-everywhere.properties b/fa/https-everywhere.properties
index 85d6174..b5c6120 100644
--- a/fa/https-everywhere.properties
+++ b/fa/https-everywhere.properties
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
https-everywhere.menu.globalEnable = HTTPS همهجا را فعال کنید
https-everywhere.menu.globalDisable = HTTPS همهجا را غیرفعال کنید
-# https-everywhere.menu.enableDisable = Enable / Disable Rules
-# https-everywhere.menu.noRules = (No Rules for This Page)
-# https-everywhere.menu.unknownRules = (Rules for This Page Unknown)
+https-everywhere.menu.enableDisable = فعال/غیر فعال کردن قوانین
+https-everywhere.menu.noRules = (هیچ قانونی برای این صفحه وجود ندارد)
+https-everywhere.menu.unknownRules = (قوانین مربوط به این صفحه ناشناخته است)
1
0
r25746: {website} update the paypal image, fix the cancel donate path, remove (in website/trunk: donate donate/en images)
by Andrew Lewman 08 Aug '12
by Andrew Lewman 08 Aug '12
08 Aug '12
Author: phobos
Date: 2012-08-08 16:02:04 +0000 (Wed, 08 Aug 2012)
New Revision: 25746
Removed:
website/trunk/donate/google-datafeed.xml
Modified:
website/trunk/donate/en/donate.wml
website/trunk/images/btn_donateCC_LG.gif
Log:
update the paypal image, fix the cancel donate path, remove the google checkout feed.
Modified: website/trunk/donate/en/donate.wml
===================================================================
--- website/trunk/donate/en/donate.wml 2012-08-07 20:53:48 UTC (rev 25745)
+++ website/trunk/donate/en/donate.wml 2012-08-08 16:02:04 UTC (rev 25746)
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
</div>
<div>
<label for="custom">or enter a donation amount:</label><input type="text" id="amount" class="amount" name="amount">
- <input type="hidden" id="a3" name="a3" value="0">
+ <input type="hidden" id="a3" name="a3" value="0">
<input class="donate-btn" type="submit" name="donate" value="Donate" alt="Subscribe to Tor with PayPal - it's fast, free and secure!">
<!-- <input type="image" src="../images/btn_donateCC_LG.gif" name="submit" alt="Subscribe to Tor with PayPal - it's fast, free and secure!"> -->
</div>
@@ -119,8 +119,8 @@
<input type="hidden" id="cmd" name="cmd" value="_donations">
<input type="hidden" name="business" value="donations(a)torproject.org">
<input type="hidden" id="item_name" name="item_name" value="Donation to the Tor Project">
- <input type="hidden" name="return" value="https://www.torproject.org/donate/thankyou.html">
- <input type="hidden" name="cancel_return" value="https://www.torproject.org/donate/donate.html">
+ <input type="hidden" name="return" value="https://www.torproject.org/donate/thankyou">
+ <input type="hidden" name="cancel_return" value="https://www.torproject.org/getinvolved/volunteer">
</div>
</form>
</div>
Deleted: website/trunk/donate/google-datafeed.xml
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Modified: website/trunk/images/btn_donateCC_LG.gif
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
1
0
commit 0ea3a3a7a60c92726ffd1795a76666adada9f866
Author: Roger Dingledine <arma(a)torproject.org>
Date: Tue Aug 7 17:27:03 2012 -0400
forward-port the 0.2.3.20-rc changelog
---
ChangeLog | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1 files changed, 68 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index 3d2a5fc..5f985e9 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,71 @@
+Changes in version 0.2.3.20-rc - 2012-08-05
+ Tor 0.2.3.20-rc is the third release candidate for the Tor 0.2.3.x
+ series. It fixes a pair of code security bugs and a potential anonymity
+ issue, updates our RPM spec files, and cleans up other smaller issues.
+
+ o Security fixes:
+ - Avoid read-from-freed-memory and double-free bugs that could occur
+ when a DNS request fails while launching it. Fixes bug 6480;
+ bugfix on 0.2.0.1-alpha.
+ - Avoid an uninitialized memory read when reading a vote or consensus
+ document that has an unrecognized flavor name. This read could
+ lead to a remote crash bug. Fixes bug 6530; bugfix on 0.2.2.6-alpha.
+ - Try to leak less information about what relays a client is
+ choosing to a side-channel attacker. Previously, a Tor client would
+ stop iterating through the list of available relays as soon as it
+ had chosen one, thus finishing a little earlier when it picked
+ a router earlier in the list. If an attacker can recover this
+ timing information (nontrivial but not proven to be impossible),
+ they could learn some coarse-grained information about which relays
+ a client was picking (middle nodes in particular are likelier to
+ be affected than exits). The timing attack might be mitigated by
+ other factors (see bug 6537 for some discussion), but it's best
+ not to take chances. Fixes bug 6537; bugfix on 0.0.8rc1.
+
+ o Minor features:
+ - Try to make the warning when giving an obsolete SOCKSListenAddress
+ a little more useful.
+ - Terminate active server managed proxies if Tor stops being a
+ relay. Addresses parts of bug 6274; bugfix on 0.2.3.6-alpha.
+ - Provide a better error message about possible OSX Asciidoc failure
+ reasons. Fixes bug 6436.
+ - Warn when Tor is configured to use accounting in a way that can
+ link a hidden service to some other hidden service or public
+ address. Resolves ticket 6490.
+
+ o Minor bugfixes:
+ - Check return value of fputs() when writing authority certificate
+ file. Fixes Coverity issue 709056; bugfix on 0.2.0.1-alpha.
+ - Ignore ServerTransportPlugin lines when Tor is not configured as
+ a relay. Fixes bug 6274; bugfix on 0.2.3.6-alpha.
+ - When disabling guards for having too high a proportion of failed
+ circuits, make sure to look at each guard. Fixes bug 6397; bugfix
+ on 0.2.3.17-beta.
+
+ o Packaging (RPM):
+ - Update our default RPM spec files to work with mock and rpmbuild
+ on RHEL/Fedora. They have an updated set of dependencies and
+ conflicts, a fix for an ancient typo when creating the "_tor"
+ user, and better instructions. Thanks to Ondrej Mikle for the
+ patch series. Fixes bug 6043.
+
+ o Testing:
+ - Make it possible to set the TestingTorNetwork configuration
+ option using AlternateDirAuthority and AlternateBridgeAuthority
+ as an alternative to setting DirServer. Addresses ticket 6377.
+
+ o Documentation:
+ - Clarify the documentation for the Alternate*Authority options.
+ Fixes bug 6387.
+ - Fix some typos in the manpages. Patch from A. Costa. Fixes bug 6500.
+
+ o Code simplification and refactoring:
+ - Do not use SMARTLIST_FOREACH for any loop whose body exceeds
+ 10 lines. Also, don't nest them. Doing so in the past has
+ led to hard-to-debug code. The new style is to use the
+ SMARTLIST_FOREACH_{BEGIN,END} pair. Addresses issue 6400.
+
+
Changes in version 0.2.3.19-rc - 2012-07-06
Tor 0.2.3.19-rc is the second release candidate for the Tor 0.2.3.x
series. It fixes the compile on Windows, reverts to a GeoIP database
1
0
r25745: {website} update jake's blurb. add blurbs for rob, andrea, and shondoi (website/trunk/about/en)
by Roger Dingledine 07 Aug '12
by Roger Dingledine 07 Aug '12
07 Aug '12
Author: arma
Date: 2012-08-07 20:53:48 +0000 (Tue, 07 Aug 2012)
New Revision: 25745
Modified:
website/trunk/about/en/contributors.wml
website/trunk/about/en/corepeople.wml
Log:
update jake's blurb. add blurbs for rob, andrea, and shondoit. move tom.
Modified: website/trunk/about/en/contributors.wml
===================================================================
--- website/trunk/about/en/contributors.wml 2012-08-06 20:36:27 UTC (rev 25744)
+++ website/trunk/about/en/contributors.wml 2012-08-07 20:53:48 UTC (rev 25745)
@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@
<dl>
<dt>Carolyn Anhalt</dt><dd>Coordinated translations and translators for
all of tor's content; website, products, and materials.</dd>
+<dt>Thomas S. Benjamin</dt>
+<dd>Anonymous communications and bridge distribution
+researcher. His other work can be found on his <a
+href="http://cryptocracy.net/">personal website</a>.</dd>
<dt>Domenik Bork</dt><dd> Worked on
Configuration of Hidden Services with User Authorization in Vidalia as
part of Google Summer of Code 2008.</dd>
Modified: website/trunk/about/en/corepeople.wml
===================================================================
--- website/trunk/about/en/corepeople.wml 2012-08-06 20:36:27 UTC (rev 25744)
+++ website/trunk/about/en/corepeople.wml 2012-08-07 20:53:48 UTC (rev 25745)
@@ -34,13 +34,7 @@
of ttdnsd, <a href="https://check.torproject.org/">Tor
check</a>, <a href="https://exitlist.torproject.org/">Tor
DNSEL</a>, and <a href="https://weather.torproject.org">Tor
- weather</a> site. He is also a Staff Research Scientist at
- the University of Washington Computer Security and Privacy
- Research Lab.</dd>
- <dt>Thomas S. Benjamin, Researcher</dt>
- <dd>Anonymous communications and bridge distribution
- researcher. His other work can be found on his <a
- href="http://cryptocracy.net/">personal website</a></dd>
+ weather</a> site.</dd>
<dt>Erinn Clark, Packaging and Build Automation</dt>
<dd>Erinn is tackling the growing needs for easy to install
and configure packages on a variety of operating systems.
@@ -95,6 +89,10 @@
Arora fork</a>, the <a
href="http://code.google.com/p/torsocks/">torsocks
scripts</a>, and other useful peripheral tools.</dd>
+ <dt>Rob Jansen, Researcher</dt>
+ <dd>Developer for <a href="https://shadow.cs.umn.edu/">Shadow</a>,
+ a full Tor network simulator that he's using to help us understand
+ and improve Tor network performance.</dd>
<dt>Damian Johnson, Developer</dt>
<dd>Author of <a href="http://www.atagar.com/arm/">arm</a>, a command-line
application that provides real-time status information for Tor relays
@@ -165,6 +163,8 @@
<dt>Wendy Seltzer, Director</dt>
<dd>Lawyer, cyberlaw professor, and founder of <a
href="http://chillingeffects.org/">ChillingEffects.org</a>.</dd>
+ <dt>Andrea Shepard, Developer</dt>
+ <dd>Works with Nick as a core Tor developer.</dd>
<dt>Dr. Paul Syverson, Researcher</dt>
<dd>Inventor of <a href="http://www.onion-router.net/">Onion
Routing</a>, original designer of Tor along with Roger and
@@ -177,6 +177,9 @@
<a href="http://jmtodaro.com/">http://jmtodaro.com/</a>.</dd>
<dt>Tomás Touceda, Vidalia Developer</dt>
<dd>Maintenance and new development for Vidalia.</dd>
+ <dt>Shondoit Walker, Build Developer</dt>
+ <dd>Works on streamlining and bulletproofing the Tor Browser
+ Bundle build process, especially on Windows.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
1
0
[metrics-tasks/master] Move #4499 report sources to tech-reports.git.
by karsten＠torproject.org 07 Aug '12
by karsten＠torproject.org 07 Aug '12
07 Aug '12
commit 864027a18c761021eee5346dc085813f05868cde
Author: Karsten Loesing <karsten.loesing(a)gmx.net>
Date: Tue Aug 7 19:24:51 2012 +0200
Move #4499 report sources to tech-reports.git.
---
task-4499/README | 4 +-
task-4499/bridge-scaling.tex | 141 ------------------------------------------
2 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 144 deletions(-)
diff --git a/task-4499/README b/task-4499/README
index 4bf9264..8570f16 100644
--- a/task-4499/README
+++ b/task-4499/README
@@ -50,7 +50,5 @@ Generate the graph:
$ R --slave -f bridge-scaling.R
-Build the PDF:
-
- $ pdflatex bridge-scaling.tex
+Build the PDF in tech-reports.git/2012/bridge-scaling/ .
diff --git a/task-4499/bridge-scaling.tex b/task-4499/bridge-scaling.tex
deleted file mode 100644
index 6acf2d7..0000000
--- a/task-4499/bridge-scaling.tex
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
-\documentclass{article}
-\usepackage{url}
-\usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx}
-\usepackage{graphics}
-\usepackage{color}
-\begin{document}
-\title{What if the Tor network had 50,000 bridges?}
-\author{Karsten Loesing\\{\tt karsten(a)torproject.org}}
-
-\maketitle
-
-\section{Introduction}
-
-The current bridge infrastructure relies on a central bridge authority to
-collect, distribute, and publish bridge relay descriptors.
-There are currently 1,000 bridges running in the Tor network.\footnote{%
-\url{https://metrics.torproject.org/network.html#networksize}}
-We believe the current infrastructure can handle up to 10,000 bridges.
-Potential performance bottlenecks include:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item the bridge authority Tonga, where all (public) bridges register and
-which performs periodic reachability tests to confirm that bridges are
-running,
-\item BridgeDB, which stores currently running bridges and hands them out
-to bridge users, and
-\item metrics-db, which sanitizes bridge descriptors for later analysis
-like statistics on daily connecting bridge users.
-\end{itemize}
-
-\section{Load-testing BridgeDB and metrics-db}
-
-We started this analysis by writing a small tool to generate sample data
-for BridgeDB and metrics-db to load-test them.
-This tool takes the contents from one of Tonga's bridge tarball as input,
-copies them a given number of times, and overwrites the first two bytes of
-relay fingerprints in every copy with 0000, 0001, etc.
-The tool also fixes references between network statuses, server
-descriptors, and extra-info descriptors.
-This is sufficient to trick BridgeDB and metrics-db into thinking that
-bridges in the copies are distinct bridges.
-We used the tool to generate tarballs with 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 times
-as many bridge descriptors in them.
-
-In the next step we fed the tarballs into BridgeDB and metrics-db.
-BridgeDB reads the network statuses and server descriptors from the latest
-tarball and writes them to a local database.
-metrics-db sanitizes two half-hourly created tarballs every hour,
-establishes an internal mapping between descriptors, and writes sanitized
-descriptors with fixed references to disk.
-Figure~\ref{fig:bridgescaling} shows the results.
-
-\begin{figure}[t]
-\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bridge-scaling.png}
-\caption{Results from load-testing BridgeDB and metrics-db}
-\label{fig:bridgescaling}
-\end{figure}
-
-The upper graph shows how the tarballs grow in size with more bridge
-descriptors in them.
-This growth is, unsurprisingly, linear.
-One thing to keep in mind here is that bandwidth and storage requirements
-to the hosts transferring and storing bridge tarballs are growing with the
-tarballs.
-We'll want to pay extra attention to disk space running out on those
-hosts.
-These tarballs have substantial overlap.
-If we have tens of thousands of descriptors, we would want to get smarter
-at sending diffs over to BridgeDB and metrics-db.\footnote{See comment at
-\url{https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/ticket/4499#comment:7}}
-
-The middle graph shows how long BridgeDB takes to load descriptors from a
-tarball.
-This graph is linear, too, which indicates that BridgeDB can handle an
-increase in the number of bridges pretty well.
-
-The lower graph shows how metrics-db can or cannot handle more bridges.
-The growth is slightly worse than linear.
-In any case, the absolute time required to handle 25K bridges is worrisome
-(we didn't try 50K).
-metrics-db runs in an hourly cronjob, and if that cronjob doesn't finish
-within 1 hour, we cannot start the next run and will be missing some data.
-We might have to sanitize bridge descriptors in a different thread or
-process than the one that fetches all the other metrics data.
-We can also look into other Java libraries to handle .gz-compressed files
-that are faster than the one we're using.
-
-\section{Looking at concurrency in BridgeDB}
-
-While performing the load-test on BridgeDB we were wondering whether it
-can serve client requests while loading bridges.
-Turns out BridgeDB's interaction with users freezes while it's reading a
-new set of data.
-This isn't that much of a problem with a few hundred bridges and unlucky
-clients having to wait 10 seconds for their bridges.
-But it becomes a problem when BridgeDB is busy for a minute or two, twice
-an hour.
-We started discussing importing bridges into BridgeDB in a separate thread
-and database transaction.\footnote{%
-\url{https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/ticket/5232}}
-
-\section{Scalability of the bridge authority Tonga}
-
-We left out the most important part of this analysis:
-can Tonga, or more generally, a single bridge authority handle this
-increase in bridges?
-Tonga still does a reachability test on each bridge every 21~minutes or so.
-Eventually the number of TLS handshakes it's doing will overwhelm its
-CPU.\footnote{%
-\url{https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/ticket/4499#comment:7}}
-
-We're not sure how to test such a setting, or at least without running 50K
-bridges in a private network.
-We could imagine this requires some more sophisticated sample data
-generation including getting the crypto right and then talking to Tonga's
-DirPort.
-We didn't find an easy way to test this.
-
-A possible fix would be to increase the reachability test interval from
-21~minutes to some higher value.
-A long-term fix would be to come up with a design that has more than one
-single bridge authority.
-
-\section{Conclusion}
-
-In conclusion, we found that a massive increase in bridges in the Tor
-network by a factor of 10 to 50 can be harmful to Tor's infrastructure.
-We identified possible bottlenecks: Tonga's reachability test interval,
-bridge tarball sizes for transfer between Tonga and BridgeDB/metrics-db,
-loading bridges into BridgeDB, and sanitizing bridges in metrics-db.
-
-During this analysis we discovered a design bug in BridgeDB which makes it
-freeze while reading new bridge descriptors.
-This bug should be fixed regardless of scaling to 10K--50K bridges,
-because it already affects users.
-The suggested changes to Tonga, transfering tarballs between hosts, and
-changes to metrics-db can be postponed until there's an actual problem,
-not just a theoretical one.
-
-\end{document}
-
1
0
[metrics-tasks/master] Update #4499 graphing code to ggplot2 0.9 and .pdf.
by karsten＠torproject.org 07 Aug '12
by karsten＠torproject.org 07 Aug '12
07 Aug '12
commit fad82513fc6029b976c64c158c059d3b43dcd2f3
Author: Karsten Loesing <karsten.loesing(a)gmx.net>
Date: Tue Aug 7 19:28:01 2012 +0200
Update #4499 graphing code to ggplot2 0.9 and .pdf.
---
task-4499/bridge-scaling.R | 4 ++--
1 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
diff --git a/task-4499/bridge-scaling.R b/task-4499/bridge-scaling.R
index 972f240..a64a728 100644
--- a/task-4499/bridge-scaling.R
+++ b/task-4499/bridge-scaling.R
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ geom_point() +
facet_grid(variable ~ ., scales = "free_y") +
scale_x_continuous(name = "\nRunning bridges (2012-01-31 = 838, red)") +
scale_y_continuous(name = "") +
-scale_colour_manual(name = "", value = c("black", "red")) +
+scale_colour_manual(name = "", values = c("black", "red")) +
opts(legend.position = "none",
title = "Scalability of Tor's bridge infrastructure\n")
-ggsave("bridge-scaling.png", width = 7, height = 6, dpi = 100)
+ggsave("bridge-scaling-graph.pdf", width = 7, height = 6, dpi = 100)
1
0
[metrics-tasks/master] Move #2647 report sources to tech-reports.git.
by karsten＠torproject.org 07 Aug '12
by karsten＠torproject.org 07 Aug '12
07 Aug '12
commit a11537717ce46139c9bfc57e0e1b5ffe41489be2
Author: Karsten Loesing <karsten.loesing(a)gmx.net>
Date: Tue Aug 7 15:27:04 2012 +0200
Move #2647 report sources to tech-reports.git.
---
task-2647/.gitignore | 4 -
task-2647/README | 2 +
task-2647/bridge-users.pdf | 981 ----------------
task-2647/countingusers.tex | 1044 -----------------
task-2647/dirbytes-mirrors.pdf | 1114 ------------------
task-2647/entrystats.pdf | 1304 ----------------------
task-2647/estimated-users.pdf | 1467 ------------------------
task-2647/newusers.pdf | 1444 ------------------------
task-2647/trusted-details.pdf | 2413 ----------------------------------------
task-2647/trusted.pdf | 912 ---------------
10 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 10683 deletions(-)
diff --git a/task-2647/.gitignore b/task-2647/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index bc423ca..0000000
--- a/task-2647/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-*.aux
-*.log
-countingusers.pdf
-
diff --git a/task-2647/README b/task-2647/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0dabd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/task-2647/README
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+The report sources are in tech-reports.git/2010/countingusers/
+
diff --git a/task-2647/bridge-users.pdf b/task-2647/bridge-users.pdf
deleted file mode 100644
index bd6ccc6..0000000
--- a/task-2647/bridge-users.pdf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,981 +0,0 @@
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diff --git a/task-2647/countingusers.tex b/task-2647/countingusers.tex
deleted file mode 100644
index c05f2b5..0000000
--- a/task-2647/countingusers.tex
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1044 +0,0 @@
-\documentclass{article}
-\usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx}
-\usepackage{graphics}
-\usepackage{color}
-
-\begin{document}
-
-\author{Sebastian Hahn and Karsten Loesing\\{\tt\{sebastian,karsten\}(a)torproject.org}}
-\title{Privacy-preserving Ways to\\Estimate the Number of Tor Users}
-%Counting Users in the Tor Network in a Privacy-Preserving Way
-\maketitle
-
-\section{Introduction}
-
-The Tor network allows hundreds of thousands of users every day to stay
-anonymous online and enables additional tens of thousands of people in
-oppressed countries to circumvent local censorship.
-At least, these are the orders of magnitude of Tor usage that we assume
-at the time of writing this report.
-Estimating the number of users in an anonymity network is a hard
-problem.
-On the one hand, it's important to learn something about the users of a
-network to improve its service.
-On the other hand, the users of an anonymity network have a high
-demand for privacy, which prohibits collecting sensitive information that
-is necessary to obtain exact usage statistics.
-In this report we describe our approaches to collect aggregated usage
-data and derive user number estimates from them.
-% cite WESCR 2010 paper?
-
-We start with our two current approaches to estimate the number of
-non-censored daily users.
-These approaches are based on counting the number of directory
-requests that clients make to update their network information.
-Clients need to download initial network information from a small fixed
-set of relays, the directory authorities, and refresh their network
-information in regular intervals from a larger changing set of relays, the
-directory mirrors.
-We describe our current approach to estimate the number of new and
-returning users from requests seen at directory authorities in
-Section~\ref{sec:auths} and our estimate of recurring users based on
-requests to directory mirrors in Section~\ref{sec:current}.
-%from one of a few hundred relays that are configured as directory mirrors.
-%We count these requests on a fast directory mirror, which also reports
-%what share of the total requests in the network it thinks it has answered.
-%We project the total number of requests in the network using the
-%self-reported share and divide by the number of requests that each client
-%makes to estimate the total number of users.
-
-In Section~\ref{sec:combine}, we extend our current approach to count
-recurring users by combining reported directory requests from multiple
-directory mirrors.
-%We estimate the fraction of observed requests from the number of bytes
-%that directory mirrors spend on answering directory requests instead of
-%relying on self-reported expected shares.
-The result is a less volatile user number estimate with fewer outliers and
-missing data points.
-
-The previous approaches have in common that they estimate user numbers
-based on the number of directory requests.
-In Section~\ref{sec:entry} we discuss an estimation based on the number of
-unique IP addresses seen on a fast directory mirror.
-Clients open numerous connections to directory mirrors to download
-updated network status information such as new consensuses and
-the relay descriptors therein.
-%There are roughly 2000 relays in the Tor network at the time of writing.
-%Clients need to download the descriptors of all relays, so that they can,
-%in theory, use any relay for building a circuit.
-A quick analysis of the logs of a bootstrapping Tor client reveals that a
-relay that is chosen for 5~\% of all directory requests sees at least
-two-thirds of all client IP addresses.
-% Explain what kind of analysis?
-%
-%As a result, Tor is going to introduce the concept of \emph{directory
-%guards} which makes client select a fixed set of directory mirrors for all
-%requests.
-%But until directory guards are implemented,
-We can use the number of
-unique IP addresses on a fast directory mirror to estimate the number of
-daily users.
-The presented approach is based on data coming from a single directory
-mirror.
-Combining unique IP addresses from multiple directory mirrors needs to be
-done very carefully and is left for future work.
-
-We sketch a design to introduce a new counting cell type in
-Section~\ref{sec:countingcell}.
-Clients would send counting cells once a day to counting authorities or
-entry guards.
-We discuss the attack potential and possible defenses against adversarial actions.
-% TODO is there a better word than 'trick'? yes.
-
-In Section~\ref{sec:bridges} we describe our current approach to count
-censored users.
-These users cannot connect to the publicly known relays to download
-directory information or establish circuits.
-Therefore, censored users have to learn about one or more bridge relays
-which behave in a similar manner to normal relays except that they are not listed in
-the public directory.
-%Clients fetch all their directory information and establish all their
-%circuits with a bridge as their first entry point into the Tor network.
-Bridges report the number of unique IP addresses they see every day.
-Our current approach to count censored users is to simply sum up these
-unique IP addresses per day.
-We discuss shortcomings and propose improvements to derive a better
-estimate for censored Tor users.
-
-We conclude with a comparison of the described approaches, identify the
-most promising approaches, recommend possible improvements, and outline
-future work in Section~\ref{sec:conclusion}.
-
-\section{Counting requests on directory authorities}
-\label{sec:auths}
-
-As of mid 2010, we use two approaches to estimate the number of
-non-censored Tor users:
-The first approach captures the number of new or returning users, the
-second approach counts the recurring users.
-This distinction comes from the design of our estimates that are both
-based on Tor's directory protocol.
-
-Whenever a client bootstraps or when its network information becomes
-stale, the client requests a fresh network status, which is a list of all
-currently running relays, from the directories.
-New clients which do not have any directory information pick one of
-a fixed set of hard-coded directory authorities for their request.
-There are currently eight such directory authorities, but the set can be
-changed whenever a new version of the Tor software is released.
-Returning clients with outdated network information take the same
-approach.
-Recurring clients with still recent network information choose a directory
-mirror for their update request.
-The approach for counting new and returning users is described in this
-section, the approach for counting recurring users in the next section.
-
-Seven out of eight directory authorities report the number of directory
-requests they're answering every day.
-When we started estimating new and returning users, only one or two
-directory authorities were reporting these data.
-That is why we weight the requests seen by a single directory authority
-with the expected fraction of requests that the directory authority should
-see.
-In 2009, clients knew about 7 directory authorities of which on average 6
-were running at the same time.
-Hence, we made the assumption that the directory authorities reporting
-request numbers were picked for every sixth request by new and returning
-clients.
-Even though an eighth directory authority has been added in 2010, only
-clients running a recent development version of Tor use this new directory
-authority.
-We therefore stick with our original assumption that a directory authority
-sees 1 out of 6 requests.
-We multiply the reported request number by 6 to obtain an estimate of
-daily new or returning users.
-
-\begin{figure}[t]
-\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{newusers.pdf}
-\caption{Estimated number of new and returning users}
-\label{fig:newusers}
-\end{figure}
-
-Figure~\ref{fig:newusers} shows the estimated number of new or returning
-users based on the request numbers reported by directory authority
-\texttt{gabelmoo} (black) and the average reported request numbers by all
-directory authorities (gray).
-The estimated user number based on the average of all directory
-authorities is 20 to 25 thousand users higher than the numbers reported
-by \texttt{gabelmoo}, but in general, both estimates are of the same order
-of magnitude.
-The peak in March 2010 results from a single directory authority reporting
-ten times as many requests as the other directory authorities.
-This is probably due to a bug in the Tor code and not an actual increase in
-users.
-The increase in April 2010 can also be explained by bugs in the Tor code
-which led to overloading the network.
-We therefore expect the average number of new or returning users to be
-around 100 thousand.
-
-However, it's difficult to interpret this estimated user number in a
-meaningful way.
-We don't know how many hours per day a typical user is connected to the
-network and after how many hours or days they typically return.
-We are more interested in the total number of users connecting to the
-network at least once a day.
-This question can better be answered by the estimates described below
-which attempt to count the number of recurring users.
-
-\section{Counting requests on directory mirrors}
-\label{sec:current}
-
-Our current approach for estimating (recurring) daily users is based on
-the fact that every client needs to refresh its network information every
-few hours in order to make indistinguishable path selection decisions.
-Clients weight their choice of a directory mirror by the relays' bandwidth
-capacities in order to load-balance requests.
-The idea of this approach is to infer the number of users from the number
-of directory requests on a fast directory mirror and weight them with the
-request share the reporting directory mirrors expects to see.
-
-For our user number estimation, we count the number of network status
-requests on a fast directory mirror.
-We first estimate how many network status requests there are in the
-network by dividing the local request number by the share of requests that
-this particular directory mirror thinks it should see.
-As an approximation of the request share, the directory mirror reports
-the probability of picking itself if it were a client.
-In the second step we estimate the number of users by dividing the global
-network status request numbers by 10 on the assumption that every client
-makes on average 10 requests per day.
-10 is probably a too high number, but one that prevents us from
-over-counting our users.
-% We could derive some statistics from the Torperfs running on moria to
-% support our assumption that 10 is too high.
-
-\begin{equation}
-U_t = \frac{r_t}{s_t \times 10}
-\end{equation}
-
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{p{0.75cm}p{9cm}}
-$U_t$ & User number estimate based on directory requests to directory
-mirror \texttt{trusted}\\
-$r_t$ & Directory requests to directory mirror \texttt{trusted}\\
-$s_t$ & Share of directory requests expected at directory mirror
-\texttt{trusted}\\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-
-\begin{figure}[t]
-\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{trusted.pdf}
-\caption{User number estimate based on directory requests to directory
-mirror \texttt{trusted}}
-\label{fig:trusted}
-\end{figure}
-
-\begin{figure}[t]
-\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{trusted-details.pdf}
-\caption{Directory requests, shares, and user number estimate, based on
-directory requests to directory mirror \texttt{trusted}}
-\label{fig:trusted-details}
-\end{figure}
-
-Figure~\ref{fig:trusted} shows the daily user number estimate based on
-directory requests to the fast directory mirror \texttt{trusted}.
-Evidently, this estimate is flawed by having outliers and lots of missing
-values.
-Some of these problems can be explained when looking at the input data.
-Figure~\ref{fig:trusted-details} shows the directory requests $r_t$ and
-expected share of requests $s_t$ as well as the estimated user number
-$U_t$.
-From these two graphs we can make a few observations:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item The peaks in May 2010 and later with 1.2 million and 800
-thousand daily users (marked with gray circles) are probably not accurate user
-numbers, but more likely measurement errors.
-These data points result from directory request shares being slightly
-higher than 1~\%.
-(Data points with directory request shares of 1~\% or less are excluded
-anyway; if these data points were included, there would have been even
-more outliers with millions of users which are unlikely real.)
-Raising the bar to 1.5~\% would eliminate these outliers, but would also
-remove a lot of, apparently correct, data points.
-\item In September 2009 (first dashed line), user numbers increased from
-roughly 150 to 250 thousand, and volatility of user numbers increased by
-factor 2 to 3.
-While the request numbers remain more or less stable during this time,
-the expected share of requests seen by \texttt{trusted} drops from 3.5~\%
-to 2~\%.
-The reason for this decrease is that more recent clients started weighting
-relays by active bandwidth scanner results instead of the relays'
-self-reported bandwidth claims.
-However, \texttt{trusted} assumes that all clients use the bandwidth
-scanner results for path selection which is not the case.
-\item Beginning in June 2010 (second dashed line), shares drop to zero for
-about a month, stabilize at around 1.5~\% for two months and then
-oscillate between 0 and 9~\%.
-The reason for this behavior is the introduction of consensus weights that further help
-clients to make good path selection decisions.
-Again, \texttt{trusted} bases its expected request share on the
-assumption that all clients use consensus weights for their path selection
-decisions which is wrong.
-\end{itemize}
-
-In summary, the major problem with the described approach is the
-approximation of the request share that a directory mirror expects to see.
-The various deployed Tor versions all use different weights for picking a
-directory mirror:
-Clients running Tor version 0.2.0.x use the relays' self-advertised
-bandwidths to decide which directory mirror to pick.
-Clients on version 0.2.1.x use actively measured bandwidths from four
-bandwidth scanners running on the authoritative directory servers for
-their choice.
-Clients running version 0.2.2.x base their decision on the measured
-bandwidths, but weighted by network-wide factors depending on the assigned
-relay flags of a directory mirror.
-The shares reported by directory mirror \texttt{trusted} reflect a
-situation in which all clients run the same Tor version as
-\texttt{trusted} at the given time, which is not the case.
-While we could calculate shares independent of \texttt{trusted}, we have
-no reliable data about the fractions of running client versions and could
-therefore not weight the calculated version-specific request shares.
-In the next section we discuss an approach to combine the findings of
-multiple directory mirrors and replace the expected request share by a
-more reliable metric.
-
-% It might also be problematic that relays update their advertised
-% bandwidth only every 18 hours when publishing a new descriptor.
-% Likewise, bandwidth scanners scan a relay only every so often. There
-% may be significant changes from one bandwidth value to the next, but
-% clients take a few hours to notice that change. More research would be
-% necessary, but we already know the approach is broken, so might as well
-% not care.
-
-The second problem with the described approach is that the estimated user
-number is less precise the fewer requests a directory mirror sees.
-When we started estimating user numbers based on directory mirror
-\texttt{trusted}, it reported shares of roughly 3.5~\% of all requests in
-the network.
-With the introduction of the various performance improvements and with the
-recent increase in fast directory mirrors, this share has decreased to
-1.5~\%.
-As we can see, estimations based on a fraction of observations this small
-are not very reliable.
-
-The third problem is that we can only guess that a client makes 10 network
-status requests per day.
-While this assumption may work for clients which are connected to the Tor
-network all day, other clients may well send fewer requests than 10.
-We do not have any data about the average hours of Tor usage per day to
-come up with a better number than 10 requests.
-If, for example, the real number of requests per client was 5, our
-estimate would be off by a factor 2.
-The good news is that, while being off by an unknown factor, we're off by
-that factor all the time, so that comparisons over time are still
-accurate.
-
-% Idea for implementing directory guards: With all relays caching
-% directory information, instead of building circuits to directories
-% *using* directory guards, clients could simply ask their directory
-% guards for whatever directory information they want to know.
-
-\section{Combining requests to directory mirrors}
-\label{sec:combine}
-
-%\paragraph{Summing up requests and shares}
-%
-%The first new approach combines directory requests simply by summing up
-%requests and shares of all directory mirrors reporting these numbers.
-%While \texttt{trusted} was the only fast directory mirror reporting
-%directory requests for about a year, a couple of even faster relays
-%started reporting these numbers in August 2010.
-%
-%\begin{equation}
-%U_s = \frac{r}{s \times 10}
-%\end{equation}
-%
-%\begin{center}
-%\begin{tabular}{p{1cm}p{9cm}}
-%$U_s$ & User estimate based on sums of all directory requests and shares\\
-%$r$ & Directory requests to all reporting directory mirrors\\
-%$s$ & Share of directory requests expected at all reporting directory
-%mirrors\\
-%\end{tabular}
-%\end{center}
-%
-%\begin{figure}[t]
-%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{share.png}
-%\caption{Directory requests, shares and user number estimate based on
-%directory requests by all reporting directory mirrors (black), compared
-%to \texttt{trusted} only (gray)}
-%\label{fig:share}
-%\end{figure}
-%
-%Figure~\ref{fig:share} shows the total requests, shares, and estimated
-%users based on all reporting directory mirrors.
-%The total request numbers and reported shares exceed those of
-%\texttt{trusted} in May 2010 and from August 2010 on.
-%The resulting user number estimate is similar to the current approach
-%until May 2010, because \texttt{trusted} was reporting most of the
-%requests during that time anyway.
-%Beginning in May 2010, the combined numbers have by far fewer missing
-%data points, because it's easier to reach shares of 1~\% or higher with
-%multiple data source.
-%At the same time, the estimated user numbers are lower when combining all
-%available data sources.
-%
-%The results of this new approach are still not satisfactory.
-%In particular the estimates of about 1 million users in May 2010 and later
-%are hardly correct.
-%In addition to that, it's unlikely that the reporting directory mirrors
-%saw up to 80~\% of all requests in September and October 2010.
-%In the two approaches below we drop the self-reported expected directory
-%request shares completely and use different metrics to answer what
-%fraction of directory requests have been reported on a given day.
-%
-%\paragraph{Estimating total requests using bandwidth histories}
-%
-%The second new approach to combine directory requests makes use of
-%bandwidth histories to estimate what fraction of directory requests has
-%been reported.
-%Rather than resembling clients' decisions for selecting relays (which can
-%be difficult with the different deployed path selection strategies), we
-%use the bandwidth histories reported by relays to estimate what fraction
-%of directory requests they have seen.
-%If all directory mirrors reporting directory requests together have
-%pushed $b_{pr}$ bytes and all directory mirrors, whether or not they
-%report directory requests, have pushed $b_p$ bytes, we expect that in the
-%whole network, there have been $\frac{b_p}{b_{pr}}$ as many directory
-%requests as we have seen.
-%The underlying assumption is that the directory mirrors reporting
-%directory requests spend the same fraction of bytes on answering directory
-%requests as all directory mirrors.
-%
-%\begin{equation}
-%U_p = r \times \frac{b_p}{b_{pr} \times 10}
-%\end{equation}
-%
-%\begin{center}
-%\begin{tabular}{p{1cm}p{9cm}}
-%$U_p$ & User estimate based on directory requests to all reporting
-%directory mirrors, weighted by bandwidth histories\\
-%$r$ & Directory requests answered by all reporting directory mirrors\\
-%$b_p$ & Written and read bytes by all directory mirrors\\
-%$b_{pr}$ & Written and read bytes by directory mirrors that report
-%directory requests\\
-%\end{tabular}
-%\end{center}
-%
-%\begin{figure}[t]
-%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bwhist.png}
-%\caption{Directory requests, shares and user number estimate based on
-%directory requests weighted by bandwidth histories}
-%\label{fig:bwhist}
-%\end{figure}
-%
-%Figure~\ref{fig:bwhist} shows the estimated users based on directory
-%requests weighted by written and read bytes of reporting directory mirrors
-%compared to all directory mirrors.
-%The user number estimate is less volatile than the previous two estimates
-%and has no outliers in the millions.
-%There are also only very few missing data points, because the share is
-%above 1~\% most of the time.
-%
-%However, the range of 50 to 500 thousand daily users is still higher than
-%expected.
-%It might be that the assumption that directory mirrors reporting directory
-%requests spend the same fraction of bytes on answering directory requests
-%as all directory mirrors is inaccurate.
-%We hope that this assumption becomes less important with an even higher
-%number of directory mirrors reporting directory requests in the future.
-
-The major shortcomings of the approach described in the previous section
-are very low request shares of 1.5~\% or less and the difficulty to
-accurately estimate shares of directory requests seen at directory mirrors.
-In this section we discuss a new approach to overcome these two problems.
-The presented approach combines the reported directory request numbers
-from multiple directory mirrors and uses the relays' bandwidth histories
-to determine what fraction of the total requests in the network have been
-reported.
-
-This new approach utilizes a recently introduced metric: bytes spent on
-answering directory requests.
-Directory mirrors running Tor version 0.2.2.15-alpha or higher report
-how many bytes they spent on answering directory requests in addition to
-the number of bytes they spent on all traffic.
-By looking at the relay descriptor archives, we can estimate the number of
-directory bytes written on a give day by both the relays reporting directory requests and all
-directory mirrors (including those that did not report directory requests).
-
-As a first step we estimate the number of directory bytes written by
-directory mirrors.
-Only a fraction of the directory mirrors are running Tor version
-0.2.2.15-alpha or higher, which is why we have to extrapolate the number
-of directory bytes from the reported number.
-For the first estimation we assume that every directory mirror spends the
-same fraction of its total bytes on answering directory requests.
-Hence, the reported number of directory bytes constitute a fraction of
-total directory bytes in the network that is equal to the number of bytes
-written by directory mirrors reporting directory bytes divided by the
-number of bytes written by all directory mirrors.
-%
-%\begin{equation}
-%d_p = \frac{d \times b_p}{b_d}
-%\end{equation}
-%
-%\begin{center}
-%\begin{tabular}{p{1cm}p{9cm}}
-%$d_p$ & Estimated directory bytes\\
-%$d$ & Reported directory bytes\\
-%$b_p$ & Reported written bytes by all directory mirrors\\
-%$b_d$ & Reported written bytes by directory mirrors reporting directory
-%bytes\\
-%\end{tabular}
-%\end{center}
-
-For the second estimation we assume that the difference between total
-written and total read bytes on directory mirrors is to a large extent the
-result of answering small directory requests with large directory objects.
-We observed that relays that don't mirror the directory write more bytes
-than they read, too, but the difference between written and read bytes is
-much smaller than on directory mirrors.
-We weight the bytes written by directory mirrors with the quotient of
-read and written bytes on relays that don't mirror the directory in order
-to account for non-directory related factors.
-We then subtract the number of bytes read by directory mirrors and obtain
-an estimate of directory bytes written by directory mirrors.
-
-\begin{figure}[t]
-\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dirbytes-mirrors.pdf}
-\caption{Estimated directory bytes written by directory mirrors based on
-the extrapolation of reported directory bytes (gray) and the difference
-between written and read bytes (black)}
-\label{fig:dirbytes-mirrors}
-\end{figure}
-
-Figure~\ref{fig:dirbytes-mirrors} shows the two directory bytes
-estimations.
-Until mid-September 2010, the extrapolation of reported directory bytes
-(gray) is slightly higher than the difference between written and read
-bytes (black), but both estimates are of the same order of magnitude.
-The difference of up to 4~MiB/s is not much when comparing it to the total
-number of bytes written by directory mirrors, which is 300~MiB/s at the
-time of writing.
-With only three months of data, it is unclear which of the two estimates
-is more accurate.
-For the following analysis we use the difference between written and read
-bytes as estimate for directory bytes, because these numbers are available
-for the past 1.5 years.
-Once we have a larger fraction of directory mirrors reporting directory
-bytes we are going to revisit and possibly adjust this estimate.
-
-Now that we have an estimate of directory bytes written by all directory
-mirrors and by the directory mirrors reporting directory requests, we can
-extrapolate the number of observed directory requests to learn the total
-number of directory requests in the network.
-We assume that directory mirrors reporting directory requests spend the
-same fraction of directory bytes on answering directory requests as all
-directory mirrors.
-
-\begin{equation}
-U_d = \frac{r \times (b^w_p \times \frac{b^r_n}{b^w_n} - b^r_p)}{(b^w_{pr} \times \frac{b^r_n}{b^w_n} - b^r_{pr}) \times 10}
-\end{equation}
-
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{p{0.75cm}p{9cm}}
-$U_d$ & User number estimate based on multiple directory mirrors reporting
-directory requests\\
-$r$ & Reported directory requests\\
-$b^w_p$ & Total bytes written by all directory mirrors\\
-$b^r_p$ & Total bytes read by all directory mirrors\\
-$b^w_n$ & Total bytes written by all relays that don't mirror the
-directory\\
-$b^r_n$ & Total bytes read by all relays that don't mirror the directory\\
-$b^w_{pr}$ & Total bytes written by all directory mirrors reporting
-directory requests\\
-$b^r_{pr}$ & Total bytes read by all directory mirrors reporting directory
-requests\\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-
-\begin{figure}[t]
-\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{estimated-users.pdf}
-\caption{User number estimate based on all reported directory requests
-weighted by estimated written directory bytes (black) compared to the
-current approach based on directory requests to directory mirror
-\texttt{trusted} (gray)}
-\label{fig:estimated-users}
-\end{figure}
-
-Figure~\ref{fig:estimated-users} shows the new user number estimate
-(black) and compares it to the current approach (gray).
-The new user number estimate is less volatile and has no outliers in the
-millions.
-There are also no missing data points anymore, because the combined
-directory requests originate from a fraction of directory mirrors that is
-greater than 1~\% in the observed time interval.
-
-%We recommend to increase the fraction of directory mirrors reporting
-%directory requests to have a more solid data basis.
-%Possible next steps are to ask relay operators running fast and stable
-%relays to collect and report these aggregate statistics.
-%Further, the configuration option for reporting directory requests could
-%be set by default for all relays.
-%Once we have more data, we are going to revisit this approach and maybe
-%fine-tune it.
-
-%\paragraph{Projecting requests using read/written directory bytes}
-%
-%We need to learn two data points to calculate what fraction of directory
-%bytes the directory mirrors reporting directory requests have pushed.
-%First, we need to calculate the number of directory bytes that all
-%directory mirrors in the network pushed.
-%
-%\begin{verbatim}
-%We need to find out what fraction of dirreqs are reported to us.
-%We assume that the number of dirreqs that a relay answers scales
-%proportionally to the number of dirbytes that the relay pushes, i.e., a
-%relay that pushes 10 % of all dirbytes also answers 10 % of all dirreqs.
-%We need to learn two things in order to answer this question:
-%First, how many dirbytes did all relays in the network push?
-%Second, how many dirbytes did the relays that report dirreqs push?
-%
-%We'll start by answering the first subproblem.
-%We'd like to learn how many dirbytes were read/written in the network,
-%but not all relays report dirbytes.
-%Therefore, we weight the reported dirbytes with the fraction of total
-%(non-dir) bytes that the relays reporting dirbytes pushed as compared to
-%all pushed bytes.
-%In order to answer the first question, we count:
-%
-%b: total reported bytes
-%d: total reported dirbytes
-%b_d: bytes reported by relays reporting dirbytes
-%
-%We then can estimate the total number of dirbytes.
-%
-%D = d * b / b_d
-%D: total estimated dirbytes
-%
-%<dirbytes-total.png>
-%
-%We need to make sure that enough relays report dirbytes, or our
-%extrapolation is based on too few data points.
-%The fraction of bytes reported by relays that report dirbytes shouldn't
-%
-%drop below, say, 15 %.
-%The graph only shows data for the fraction being 15 % or higher.
-%
-%f_bd = b_d / b
-%f_bd: fraction of bytes reported by relays that report dirbytes
-%
-%The second sub problem to solve is to find out how many dirbytes have been
-%pushed by the relays that report dirreqs.
-%We again use the non-dir bytes that are reported by all relays for the
-%extrapolation.
-%We count:
-%
-%d_r: dirbytes reported by relays reporting dirreqs
-%b_r: bytes reported by relays reporting dirreqs
-%b_dr: bytes reported by relays reporting dirbytes and dirreqs
-%
-%We can then estimate the number of dirbytes being pushed by all relays
-%reporting dirreqs.
-%
-%D_r = d_r * b_r / b_dr
-%D_r: total estimated dirbytes reported by relays reporting dirreqs
-%
-%<dirbytes-part.png>
-%
-%Finally, we can estimate the total number of dirreqs by using the two
-%estimates calculated above.
-%
-%R = r * D / D_r = r * (d * b / b_d) / (d_r * b_r / b_dr)
-%R: total estimated dirreqs, different approaches
-%
-%Finally assume that each user makes 10 requests per day:
-%U = R / 10
-%U: total estimate daily users
-%
-%\end{verbatim}
-
-\section{Counting IP addresses at directory mirrors}
-\label{sec:entry}
-
-An alternative approach to count daily users is to count unique IP
-addresses on a relay that sees most of the clients at least once a day.
-A fast directory mirror is such a relay.
-Clients open numerous connections to directory mirrors, in addition to
-downloading network statuses, to download relay descriptors.
-The Tor network consists of roughly 2000 relays at the time of writing,
-and clients attempt to download all relay descriptors, so that they can
-build circuits with any of these relays.
-Clients split downloads among directory mirrors, because requests cannot
-contain more than 96 relay descriptor identifiers.
-
-A quick analysis shows that an always running Tor client sends out on
-average 80 requests for relay descriptors per day.
-The probability of a fast directory mirror, say, one that is chosen for
-5~\% of all directory requests, to be contacted at least once a day is
-$1-0.95^{80} = 98.3\%$.
-Even a client that only connects to the network for a few minutes per day
-downloads all current descriptors which takes at least
-$\lceil2000 / 96\rceil = 21$ requests.
-The probability of such a client contacting a directory mirror that sees
-5~\% of all requests is $1-0.95^{21} = 65.9\%$.
-
-In the near future, Tor is going to introduce \emph{directory guards}.
-The idea is that clients pick a small number of relays as their directory
-guards and send all directory requests to them.
-This is meant to prevent a single malicious directory mirror from learning
-about many client IP addresses.
-But until directory guards are implemented, we can use the number of
-unique IP addresses observed on a fast directory mirror to estimate the
-number of daily users.
-
-\begin{figure}[t]
-\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{entrystats.pdf}
-\caption{User number estimates based on unique IP addresses reported by
-the fast directory mirror \texttt{trusted} (black) and two other fast
-directory mirrors}
-\label{fig:entrystats}
-\end{figure}
-
-Figure~\ref{fig:entrystats} shows the user number estimates
-based on unique IP addresses seen on three fast directory mirrors.
-The fast directory mirror {\tt trusted} reports the highest number of
-unique IP addresses of all three directory mirrors.
-There are two time intervals when two or all three directory mirrors
-report similar numbers: from December 2009 to January 2010 and from late
-April to early May 2010.
-The fact that the directory mirrors report similar numbers during those
-times is an indication that they all saw the majority of clients in the
-network.
-We therefore believe that the user number estimates of 150 to 250 thousand
-daily users are accurate and pose a realistic upper bound of the real
-number of daily Tor users.
-These estimates are also of the same order of magnitude as the estimates
-described in the previous section.
-
-The major shortcoming of the described approach is that there is no simple
-way to combine reported unique IP addresses of two or more directory
-mirrors.
-Directory mirrors keep the observed client IP addresses in memory for at
-most 24 hours, report the absolute number of distinct addresses, and
-discard the IP addresses.
-It may be possible to exchange data structures containing IP addresses
-between directory mirrors in a privacy-preserving way and combine them to
-learn about the union size of unique IP address sets.
-Possible approaches might be based on private set intersection techniques
-or probabilistic data structures like Bloom filters.
-We leave these approaches as future work.
-
-\section{Introducing a counting cell}
-\label{sec:countingcell}
-
-Another approach is to introduce a new cell type to the Tor protocol; the counting cell.
-This approach doesn't estimate user numbers by counting directory
-requests or unique IP addresses.
-Under this approach, clients would send counting cells once per day to special relays, called
-counting authorities.
-
-\subsection{Counting cell overview}
-The most important statistic for Tor's user count is the number of daily
-users.
-Our other metrics are passive observations by certain routers,
-whereas the counting cell would be an active approach.
-Tor clients would send a notification of their presence once daily, so that
-the presence notifications can be added together to get the user count.
-Tor has a notion of different cell types to encapsulate different information
-when sending it along a circuit.
-A new type of cell can easily be created to transport presence information.
-This presence information is then reported to the metrics engine and
-aggregated to find the actual user count for one day.
-
-Two different approaches are examined here:
-The first approach uses Tor's directory authorities as counting authorities.
-Clients report their presence via an anonymized tunnel.
-Picking guard nodes as counting authorities is the other possibility.
-Clients would not need to create a special circuit and can instead just use
-one of their regular circuits to send the counting cell to the first hop directly.
-
-Some general considerations are valid for both types:
-Counting authorities have to be very stable and well-connected so that
-clients can report their presence reliably.
-The counting authorities also need to export the data they received in
-some document that can be collected by the metrics engine to analyze and
-present the statistics.
-Tor already has an extra-info descriptor mechanism in place that can be
-used.
-
-\subsection{Using directory authorities as counting authorities}
-Directory authorities have the same requirements as outlined above:
-They need to be very stable, because everyone relies on them to
-generate and sign the consensus.
-They also already export their votes which get collected by the metrics
-engine.
-
-Two options are available for how clients report their presence to these
-counting authorities; they can either send a counting cell to each of
-them or pick one at random.
-Both approaches have advantages and drawbacks, outlined below:
-
-Sending the cell to all authorities might raise a scalability
-problem as a single counting authority might not be able to keep
-up with the load if all clients make one connection per day to report
-their presence.
-In a network with 250,000 users, an average of almost 3 reports per
-second is to be expected.
-In reality, since Tor's user base isn't distributed among timezones
-equally, much higher report rates per second are to be anticipated.
-The load this induces on each directory authorities should be carefully
-examined, because it will increase proportional to an increase in the
-user base.
-
-The advantage of reporting presence to all counting authorities is that
-if a single report fails, the others can still count the user.
-If any of the counting authorities reports a much lower value than
-the others for a specific day, it can be taken out of the statistics
-aggregating process for that day or until the connectivity problems
-are resolved.
-
-Sending a counting cell to just one counting authority increases the
-scalability of the system, as new counting authorities
-could easily be added once the others are becoming overloaded.
-Another advantage is that the user doesn't have to create one circuit
-per counting authority, but rather just one per day.
-This means that a user who doesn't use Tor for very long on a certain
-day can still be counted correctly, even if she wouldn't have had the
-time to report her presence to all authorities.
-
-
-Data loss or other malfunctions on one of the counting authorities
-poses a major problem in this scheme.
-Such data loss cannot be corrected, and statistics for the time period
-will be inaccurate.
-
-\paragraph{Abuse potential and inaccuracies}
-
-In a system where cells are reported to all counting authorities,
-there is no strong protection against a counting authority that
-increases the count of users by reporting a higher number of users by
-just sending counting cells to the other authorities.
-It would, however, prevent an authority from under-reporting the number
-of users, because the others will report a higher user count so that
-the data from the dishonest authority can be discarded by the statistics
-aggregator.
-
-When users report their presence to only one counting authority, this
-counting authority can under-report the number of users,
-because under-reporting cannot be distinguished from being unavailable
-for a part of the day.
-It is also possible to increase the count of users even without sending
-counting cells to the other counting authorities.
-Detection of such behavior is very difficult, as lower numbers can
-always be explained to be due to network problems at the counting
-authority; and only very unusually high numbers would indicate increasing
-the number of users maliciously.
-
-It is trivial to arbitrarily increase the count of users by sending on
-average more than one counting cell per 24 hour window.
-Because counting cells are anonymized, there are no special resources
-necessary to execute the attack, other than the ability to make circuits
-to the counting authorities.
-This attack needs to be continued for as long as the user count is to be
-influenced.
-When the attack is stopped, the result will be an apparent loss of Tor
-users.
-
-When the scheme is newly deployed or when alternative
-implementations of Tor clients that don't include counting cells are
-introduced, the number of Tor users will be undercounted.
-Both cases have to be taken into consideration when evaluating the
-collected data.
-
-\paragraph{Possibility for additional statistics}
-Because clients report their presence anonymously under the counting cell scheme, additional statistics
-can be gathered using this approach.
-
-Example statistics are client version and the uptime since the last
-cell was sent.
-%
-While adding additional statistics, care must be taken that the anonymity
-set is still sufficiently large.
-For the client version, we could report the accurate version while it is
-still recommended or ``outdated'' as a catch-all for older versions.
-%
-For the uptime since the last cell was sent, reporting uptime in half-hour
-time intervals could provide proficient accuracy.
-
-More work is necessary to evaluate the additional risks of adding more
-statistics.
-If these statistics are deemed important, they can
-use the same infrastructure set up for user number estimation.
-Directory authorities are expected to be upgraded quickly, so the
-new statistics would become available as soon as enough clients
-upgrade.
-
-
-\subsection{Using entry guards as counting authorities}
-To address the scalability concerns outlined above, an alternative approach
-is to use the entry guards that a client connects to anyway.
-Not reporting presence information via an anonymized channel to one
-of the chosen guard nodes has the advantage of being more scalable
-than either proposed system.
-The entry guards can keep track of which IP addresses have already
-reported presence information on a given day and refuse
-to accept another counting cell.
-Also, availability concerns are reduced because a given entry guard
-will see fewer counting cells compared to a counting authority.
-
-Guards that support acting as counting authorities and choose to do so
-should be marked as such in the consensus by a special flag
-so that clients can see which relays are acting as counting authorities.
-
-\paragraph{Abuse potential and inaccuracies}
-Using entry guards as counting authorities gives them the same
-abuse abilities as directory authorities have in the system where
-presence information is reported to one of them; but it could be easier
-to filter out extreme values as the reported values are expected to
-be generally lower.
-
-The directory authorities should make sure that enough guards exist
-so that over and undercounting guards can be detected and excluded
-by the metrics engine.
-
-\paragraph{Possibility for additional statistics}
-Because guards know who is connecting to them, there is more concern
-when adding additional statistics compared to the directory authority
-approach.
-By including additional information about their presence, Tor clients add
-bits of information that can help identify them across IP address changes.
-This must be prevented, so additional statistics can not be implemented
-when using guard nodes without further analysis showing their safety.
-
-\subsection{Usefulness of counting cells}
-Because of the presented attacks, counting cells are likely to be useful
-in addition to other user number estimation schemes only.
-They can, however, provide an easy way to evaluate trends and
-might allow new statistics to be gathered.
-
-\section{Counting IP addresses at bridges}
-\label{sec:bridges}
-
-As a special case of counting Tor users, we are interested in the number
-of censored Tor users connecting via bridges.
-Censored users cannot connect to the publicly known relays to download
-directory information or establish circuits.
-Censored users have to learn about one or more bridge relays which are
-similar to normal relays except that they are not listed in the public
-directory and are therefore harder to block.
-Bridge clients fetch all their directory information and establish all
-their circuits with a bridge as first entry point into the Tor network.
-Bridges report the number of unique IP addresses they see every day.
-Our current approach to count censored users is to simply sum up these
-unique IP addresses per day and interpret the result as estimated user
-number.
-
-\begin{figure}
-\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bridge-users.pdf}
-\caption{Estimated number of users connecting via bridges}
-\label{fig:bridge-users}
-\end{figure}
-
-Figure~\ref{fig:bridge-users} shows the estimated number of users
-connecting via bridges.
-These numbers are not expected to be as stable as the number of directly
-connecting users, because some countries have successfully blocked relays or
-even bridges in the past, which has led to sudden increases or decreases in
-bridge user numbers.
-
-There are some shortcomings with this approach to count bridge users.
-First, the approach makes the assumption that bridge users only connect to
-a single bridge every day which is not necessarily the case.
-As a result we may over-count bridge clients connecting to two or more
-bridges.
-
-The second shortcoming is that we're excluding between 15 and 50~\% of
-bridges from the statistics for various reasons:
-bridges with fewer than 24 hours uptime are excluded, because bridges only
-report statistics every 24 hours to hide the exact connection times and
-protect the bridge users' privacy;
-bridges that have been running as a non-bridge relay are excluded, because
-they might report non-bridge users;
-bridges without a GeoIP database are excluded, because they don't report
-any statistics about connecting clients;
-bridges running a few early versions of the 0.2.2 series are excluded,
-because they had a bug in reporting bridge user statistics;
-finally, an unknown number of bridges is excluded, because bridge
-operators decide not to publish their bridge to the bridge authority and
-circulate the bridge address to bridge users themselves.
-
-In the future, we might count the number of directory requests to bridges
-in the same way as we do on directory mirrors.
-Bridge clients need to refresh their view of the network at regular
-intervals, too.
-So, it should be possible to count bridge users in the same way as we
-estimate directly connecting users.
-
-\section{Conclusion}
-\label{sec:conclusion}
-
-In this report we described our current approaches to estimate daily Tor
-users based on counting directory requests and unique IP addresses, and we
-sketched a design to introduce special counting cells for this purpose.
-We conclude with a brief summary.
-
-In Section~\ref{sec:auths} we discussed our current approaches for
-counting new and returning as well as recurring users based on counting
-directory requests.
-We found that it is hard to interpret the estimate of new and returning
-users without knowing how many hours per day our users are connected and
-after how many hours or days they return.
-We suggest discontinuance of this statistic because the rather
-technical distinction between new/returning and recurring users is not
-obvious.
-
-We described our approach to estimate recurring users based on directory
-requests reported by directory mirror \texttt{trusted} in
-Section~\ref{sec:current}.
-We are facing two major problems with this approach, namely approximating
-the request share that \texttt{trusted} can expect to see and the decrease
-of said share over the past 12 months.
-We recommend discontinuance of this statistic as well and recommend replacing it with a
-statistic based on directory requests reported by multiple directory
-mirrors.
-
-In Section~\ref{sec:combine} we described such an approach to combine the
-directory requests from multiple directory mirrors.
-This approach is based on the estimated number of directory bytes written
-by directory mirrors.
-We hope to gather more data from directory mirrors to improve this
-promising approach.
-Once we have confirmed its correctness, we propose to replace the current
-two approaches to estimate direct users with this approach.
-
-We presented results from counting unique IP addresses on fast directory
-mirrors in Section~\ref{sec:entry}.
-These results are interesting, because they allow us to determine an upper
-bound of daily users.
-However, we did not find a simple way to combine reported unique IP
-addresses of two or more directory mirrors in a privacy-preserving way.
-Once the directory guard design is implemented, this approach won't
-deliver useful estimates anymore.
-We leave this problem as future work.
-
-In Section~\ref{sec:countingcell} we sketched a new design to introduce
-counting cells that clients would send once a day to counting authorities
-or entry guards.
-Such an approach would allow us to gather better statistics about clients.
-However, more work is needed to reduce the potential for abuse.
-
-Finally, in Section~\ref{sec:bridges} we described our current approach to
-count censored users.
-This statistic is based on the sum of unique IP addresses observed on
-bridges with at least 24 hours uptime.
-We suggest extending the statistics on bridges to count directory
-requests.
-We could then try to estimate the number of censored users by weighting
-the observations with the bridges' reported bandwidth.
-Again, we leave this extension as future work.
-
-\end{document}
-
diff --git a/task-2647/dirbytes-mirrors.pdf b/task-2647/dirbytes-mirrors.pdf
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07 Aug '12
commit 9f66c760d2ca3df6848c5850382ac6c1c657acc9
Author: Karsten Loesing <karsten.loesing(a)gmx.net>
Date: Tue Aug 7 15:34:51 2012 +0200
Add raw geoipdbcomp report from 2009.
---
2009/geoipdbcomp/.gitignore | 3 +
2009/geoipdbcomp/bridge-usage-2009-10-12.png | Bin 0 -> 16861 bytes
2009/geoipdbcomp/bridge-usage-top5-2009-10-12.png | Bin 0 -> 27259 bytes
2009/geoipdbcomp/commmax.png | Bin 0 -> 90670 bytes
2009/geoipdbcomp/geoipdbcomp.tex | 193 +++++++++++++++++++++
2009/geoipdbcomp/max-commmax.png | Bin 0 -> 20813 bytes
2009/geoipdbcomp/max.png | Bin 0 -> 82233 bytes
2009/geoipdbcomp/soft.png | Bin 0 -> 63833 bytes
2009/geoipdbcomp/tor-commmax.png | Bin 0 -> 37825 bytes
2009/geoipdbcomp/tor-max.png | Bin 0 -> 29287 bytes
2009/geoipdbcomp/tor-soft.png | Bin 0 -> 29913 bytes
2009/geoipdbcomp/tor.png | Bin 0 -> 75405 bytes
12 files changed, 196 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
diff --git a/2009/geoipdbcomp/.gitignore b/2009/geoipdbcomp/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44cba54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2009/geoipdbcomp/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+geoipdbcomp.pdf
+geoipdbcomp-2009-10-23.pdf
+
diff --git a/2009/geoipdbcomp/bridge-usage-2009-10-12.png b/2009/geoipdbcomp/bridge-usage-2009-10-12.png
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diff --git a/2009/geoipdbcomp/bridge-usage-top5-2009-10-12.png b/2009/geoipdbcomp/bridge-usage-top5-2009-10-12.png
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diff --git a/2009/geoipdbcomp/commmax.png b/2009/geoipdbcomp/commmax.png
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diff --git a/2009/geoipdbcomp/geoipdbcomp.tex b/2009/geoipdbcomp/geoipdbcomp.tex
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@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+\documentclass{article}
+\usepackage{url}
+\usepackage[dvips]{graphicx}
+\usepackage{graphics}
+\usepackage{color}
+\usepackage{booktabs}
+\usepackage{multirow}
+\newcommand{\experimental}[1]{}
+\begin{document}
+\title{Comparison of GeoIP Databases for Tor}
+\author{Karsten Loesing\\\url{karsten.loesing(a)gmx.net}}
+\maketitle
+
+\begin{abstract}
+Tor uses a GeoIP database to resolve client IP addresses to country codes to get some basic statistics on connecting clients per country.
+Two recent events indicate that the GeoIP database that Tor ships is less accurate than expected:
+first, the update from the June 2009 to the September 2009 database removed almost all US IP addresses probably because of a provider-side database problem;
+second, in the aftermath of Tor being blocked in China at the end of September 2009, not only Chinese bridge usage increased, but also usage from Japan and Australia, which is most likely a result of Chinese IP addresses falsely resolving to those countries.
+This report compares various, preferably free GeoIP databases for their accuracy in mapping IP addresses to country codes.
+In particular, accuracy is evaluated for countries that potentially censor the Internet.
+\end{abstract}
+
+\section{Motivation}
+
+Tor requires a GeoIP database that is as accurate as possible for resolving IP addresses of small countries like Iran or Tunisia.
+Two recent events indicate that the accuracy of the currently shipped database is not sufficient.
+
+\paragraph{Unreliable database updates}
+
+The GeoIP database in Tor is updated every few months, so as to reflect changes.
+However, the update from the June 2009 to September 2009 version introduced major changes to the database, removing almost all US IP addresses.
+In particular, the diff between old and new versions has 19833 deletions and only 10470 insertions.\footnote{\url{http://archives.seul.org/or/cvs/Sep-2009/msg00269…
+This likely corrupt database update indicates that the database provider is not as reliable as expected.
+
+\paragraph{False classification of Chinese IP addresses}
+
+Starting on September 25, 2009, the number of bridge users coming from China increased significantly as a response to the blocking of Tor relays in China.
+But at the same time, statistics show a significant increase of Australian and Japanese bridge usage for no good reason.
+The most likely explanation is that the GeoIP database falsely classifies Chinese IP addresses as belonging to either Australia or Japan.
+It is impossible to say whether the reason is that GeoIP databases on the bridges doing the resolution are outdated, or if the inaccuracy still persists in more recent versions.
+
+\begin{figure}
+\begin{minipage}{0.495\textwidth}
+\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{bridge-usage-2009-10-12.png}
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}{0.495\textwidth}
+\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{bridge-usage-top5-2009-10-12.png}
+\end{minipage}
+\caption{Possibly false classification of Chinese IP addresses as Australian or Japanese addresses}
+\label{fig:china}
+\end{figure}
+
+\section{Data basis}
+
+We have included the following four databases in the evaluation:
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item the June 2009 database from \url{http://ip-to-country.webhosting.info/} as it is included in current Tor versions,
+\item the most recent (as of October 19, 2009) freely available Maxmind database from \url{http://www.maxmind.com/},
+\item the most recent (as of October 19, 2009) GNUv3-licensed database from \url{http://software77.net/geo-ip/}, and
+\item a copy of the commercial Maxmind database from October 20, 2009.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\section{Coverage of databases}
+
+We start with comparing what IP address ranges the GeoIP databases cover.
+We iterate over all $2^{32}$ possible IPv4 addresses and visualize what country codes these addresses evaluate to.
+The comparison result is an image of 1\,024 $\times$ 1\,024 pixels with the color of each pixel showing what country code the addresses resolve to.
+Every pixel in this image represents 4\,096 $= 2^{12}$ IP addresses, so that all 1\,024 $\times$ 1\,024 $= 2^{10} \times 2^{10}$ pixels display all 4\,294\,967\,296 $=2^{32}$ possible IP addresses.
+The first line of the image contains IP addresses 0.0.0.0 to 0.63.255.255, the second line 0.64.0.0 to 0.127.255.255, etc.
+The colors are chosen rather arbitrarily just in order to distinguish different ranges:
+country codes from \texttt{AA} to \texttt{IQ} are displayed in different shades of red, codes from \texttt{IR} to \texttt{RH} in shades of green, and codes from \texttt{RI} to \texttt{ZZ} in shades of blue.
+
+In this and all subsequent analyses, the following ranges of reserved IP addresses have been removed from all databases:
+0.0.0.0/8, 10.0.0.0/8, 127.0.0.0/8, 169.254.0.0/16, 172.16.0.0/20, 192.0.0.0/24, 192.0.2.0/24, 192.88.99.0/24, \linebreak192.168.0.0/16, 198.18.0.0/16, 198.51.100.0/24, 203.0.113.0/24, and 224.0.0.0/3.
+%0.0.0.0..0.255.255.255 0.0.0.0/8
+%10.0.0.0..10.255.255.255 10.0.0.0/8
+%127.0.0.0..127.255.255.255 127.0.0.0/8
+%169.254.0.0..169.254.255.255 169.254.0.0/16
+%172.16.0.0..172.31.255.255 172.16.0.0/20
+%192.0.0.0..192.0.0.255 192.0.0.0/24
+%192.0.2.0..192.0.2.255 192.0.2.0/24
+%192.88.99.0..192.88.99.255 192.88.99.0/24
+%192.168.0.0..192.168.255.255 192.168.0.0/16
+%198.18.0.0..198.19.255.255 198.18.0.0/16
+%198.51.100.0..198.51.100.255 198.51.100.0/24
+%203.0.113.0..203.0.113.255 203.0.113.0/24
+%224.0.0.0..255.255.255.255 224.0.0.0/3
+We further removed non-country codes like \texttt{A1} (Anonymous Proxy) and \texttt{A2} (Satellite Provider) from both Maxmind databases before the analysis.
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:comp} shows the visualizations of the four databases.
+These images show the general distribution of assigned IP addresses with the reserved ranges being blank.
+However, the differences between the databases seem to be negligible on these images.
+
+\begin{figure}[t]
+\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{tor.png}
+\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{max.png}
+\end{minipage}
+
+\vspace{0.1cm}
+\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{soft.png}
+\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{commmax.png}
+\end{minipage}
+\caption{IP address coverages of Tor database (top left), free Maxmind database (top right), Software 77 database (bottom left), and commercial Maxmind database (bottom right)}
+\label{fig:comp}
+\end{figure}
+
+\section{Pairwise comparison of databases}
+
+In the next step towards evaluating accuracy of the various GeoIP databases, we perform a pair-wise comparison.
+Obviously, this comparison cannot show which database is more accurate than the other, but we might be able to detect artifacts by using this approach.
+
+The evaluation iterates over all $2^{32}$ possible IPv4 addresses and compares the results of the two databases. There are four possible cases for this comparison:
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item only the first database resolves the IP address to a country code,
+\item only the second database resolves the IP address to a country code,
+\item both databases resolve the IP address to two different country codes, or
+\item both databases resolve the IP address to the same country code.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+We visualize the difference between the two databases for the number of cases 1 to 3.
+The comparison result is, again, an image of 1\,024 $\times$ 1\,024 pixels with the color of each pixel showing how different the two databases are.
+% Every pixel in this image represents 4\,096 $= 2^{12}$ IP addresses, so that all 1\,024 $\times$ 1\,024 $= 2^{10} \times 2^{10}$ pixels display all 4\,294\,967\,296 $=2^{32}$ possible IP addresses.
+% The first line of the image contains IP addresses 0.0.0.0 to 0.63.255.255, the second line 0.64.0.0 to 0.127.255.255, etc.
+The pixel color visualizes the fraction of cases (1 to 3) that could be observed when comparing the two compared databases:
+addresses that are only contained in the first database (case 1) are displayed in different shades of red;
+IP addresses that were only found in the second database (case 2) are displayed in shades of blue;
+addresses having different country results in both databases (case 3) are displayed in shades of green;
+% if more than one case occurs in a range of 4\,096 addresses, only the dominating case is displayed;
+addresses that are resolved to the same country (case 4) do not add any color to the pixel.
+For example, a full line (or even area) of red means that only the first database contains a resolution for the IP addresses in the given range.
+
+Figures~\ref{fig:pair} shows the comparison of the Tor database with the three other databases as well as the comparison of free and commercial Maxmind databases.
+The comparison of the Tor database with both the free and the commercial Maxmind database shows a large number of red and blue lines indicating addresses are only contained in either of the databases.
+In addition to that, there are some green lines showing that the databases disagree on the country resolution.
+
+The comparison of the Tor database with the Software 77 database shows a rather different picture.
+These two databases disagree in many more places, as shown by the large green areas.
+The image also shows some artifacts in the middle of the image.
+Many of the green lines are exactly 65\,536 IP addresses long, which corresponds to a /16 network.
+These lines are not visible in the comparison to the Maxmind databases.
+It might be that the Software 77 database has a much lower resolution than the other databases.
+
+The comparison of the free with the commercial Maxmind database shows only very few differences which are mostly red and blue lines. This means that the two databases cover slightly different IP address ranges, but in general they are very similar.
+
+\begin{figure}[t]
+\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{tor-max.png}
+\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{tor-soft.png}
+\end{minipage}
+
+\vspace{0.1cm}
+\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{tor-commmax.png}
+\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{max-commmax.png}
+\end{minipage}
+\caption{Comparison of the Tor database with the free Maxmind database (top left), with the Software 77 database (top right), with the commercial Maxmind database (bottom left), and comparison of free with commercial Maxmind database (bottom right); red = only in first database, blue = only in second database, green = different results}
+\label{fig:pair}
+\end{figure}
+
+\section{Work left to do}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Which are the official reserved address ranges? The ones listed here have been taken from the Software 77 database.
+\item Do we need to handle region codes like \texttt{AP} (Asia/Pacific Region) and \texttt{EU} (Europe) in a special way?
+\item In the next step, focus only on possibly censoring countries that are interesting to Tor: Azerbaijan (AZ), Belarus (BY), China (CN), Egypt (EG), Iran (IR), Jordan (JO), Kazakhstan (KZ), Morocco (MA), Myanmar (MM), Pakistan (PK), Russia (RU), Saudi Arabia (SA), Sudan (SD), Syria (SY), Tunisia (TN), U.A.E. (AE), Uzbekistan (UZ), Viet Nam (VN), and Yemen (YE). As a possible (though not perfect) metric: how many IP addresses do the GeoIP addresses resolve to these countries? The more, the better?
+\item Try confirming/falsifying samples of resolutions by making requests to the WHOIS database or using some other networking fu.
+\item Try to learn what changes in the regular updates: are those only new assignments, or are existing ranges re-assigned to other countries, maybe even following a pattern?
+\end{itemize}
+
+%karsten@x61s:~/Desktop/geoipdb/geoipdbcomp/data$ grep -m 5 AP maxmind.csv
+%"59.151.128.0","59.151.191.255","999784448","999800831","AP","Asia/Pacific Region"
+%999784448,999800831,AU
+%
+%"61.14.128.88","61.14.128.95","1024360536","1024360543","AP","Asia/Pacific Region"
+%1024360536,1024360543,AU
+%
+%"61.14.130.48","61.14.130.63","1024361008","1024361023","AP","Asia/Pacific Region"
+%1024361008,1024361039,AU ***
+%
+%"61.14.130.136","61.14.130.143","1024361096","1024361103","AP","Asia/Pacific Region"
+%1024361096,1024361103,AU
+%
+
+\end{document}
+
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