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March 2011

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[tor/maint-0.2.2] improve accuracy for when a relay went unreachable
by nickm＠torproject.org 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

commit 977e396e866052a20de73f4e8121e514d4eff774 Author: Roger Dingledine <arma(a)torproject.org> Date: Fri Mar 11 22:12:15 2011 -0500 improve accuracy for when a relay went unreachable --- changes/bug2716 | 5 +++++ src/or/dirserv.c | 13 +++++++++---- src/or/dirserv.h | 8 ++++++++ src/or/main.c | 5 +++-- 4 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/changes/bug2716 b/changes/bug2716 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4663ed3 --- /dev/null +++ b/changes/bug2716 @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + o Minor features: + - When a relay has failed several reachability tests, be more accurate + at recording when it became unreachable, so we can in turn provide + more accuracy at assigning Stable, Guard, HSDir, etc flags. Bugfix + on 0.2.0.6-alpha. Resolves bug 2716. diff --git a/src/or/dirserv.c b/src/or/dirserv.c index aeeab45..7386927 100644 --- a/src/or/dirserv.c +++ b/src/or/dirserv.c @@ -970,7 +970,11 @@ dirserv_set_router_is_running(routerinfo_t *router, time_t now) if (!answer && running_long_enough_to_decide_unreachable()) { /* not considered reachable. tell rephist. */ - rep_hist_note_router_unreachable(router->cache_info.identity_digest, now); + time_t when = now; + if (router->last_reachable && + router->last_reachable + REACHABILITY_TEST_PERIOD < now) + when = router->last_reachable + REACHABILITY_TEST_PERIOD; + rep_hist_note_router_unreachable(router->cache_info.identity_digest, when); } router->is_running = answer; @@ -3187,7 +3191,8 @@ dirserv_single_reachability_test(time_t now, routerinfo_t *router) * try a few connections per call. * * The load balancing is such that if we get called once every ten - * seconds, we will cycle through all the tests in 1280 seconds (a + * seconds, we will cycle through all the tests in + * 10*REACHABILITY_MASK_PER_TEST seconds (a * bit over 20 minutes). */ void @@ -3214,11 +3219,11 @@ dirserv_test_reachability(time_t now) continue; /* bridge authorities only test reachability on bridges */ // if (router->cache_info.published_on > cutoff) // continue; - if ((((uint8_t)id_digest[0]) % 128) == ctr) { + if ((((uint8_t)id_digest[0]) % REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST) == ctr) { dirserv_single_reachability_test(now, router); } } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(router); - ctr = (ctr + 1) % 128; /* increment ctr */ + ctr = (ctr + 1) % REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST; /* increment ctr */ } /** Given a fingerprint <b>fp</b> which is either set if we're looking for a diff --git a/src/or/dirserv.h b/src/or/dirserv.h index 56ad7a6..949482b 100644 --- a/src/or/dirserv.h +++ b/src/or/dirserv.h @@ -12,6 +12,14 @@ #ifndef _TOR_DIRSERV_H #define _TOR_DIRSERV_H +/** What fraction (1 over this number) of the relay ID space do we + * (as a directory authority) launch connections to at each reachability + * test? */ +#define REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST 128 + +/** How many seconds apart are the reachability tests for a given relay? */ +#define REACHABILITY_TEST_PERIOD (10*REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST) + /** Maximum length of an exit policy summary. */ #define MAX_EXITPOLICY_SUMMARY_LEN 1000 diff --git a/src/or/main.c b/src/or/main.c index 979a2be..558608e 100644 --- a/src/or/main.c +++ b/src/or/main.c @@ -962,8 +962,9 @@ run_scheduled_events(time_t now) if (accounting_is_enabled(options)) accounting_run_housekeeping(now); - if (now % 10 == 0 && (authdir_mode_tests_reachability(options)) && - !we_are_hibernating()) { + if (now % REACHABILITY_TEST_PERIOD/REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST == 0 && + (authdir_mode_tests_reachability(options)) && + !we_are_hibernating()) { /* try to determine reachability of the other Tor relays */ dirserv_test_reachability(now); }

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[metrics-tasks/master] Add counting users tech report for #2647.
by karsten＠torproject.org 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

commit 75984b3dc3849903747f17497fc66c194e93b3a5 Author: Karsten Loesing <karsten.loesing(a)gmx.net> Date: Mon Mar 14 19:11:19 2011 +0100 Add counting users tech report for #2647. --- task-2647/.gitignore | 4 + task-2647/bridge-users.pdf | 981 ++++++++++++++++ task-2647/countingusers.tex | 1044 +++++++++++++++++ task-2647/dirbytes-mirrors.pdf | 1114 ++++++++++++++++++ task-2647/entrystats.pdf | 1304 ++++++++++++++++++++++ task-2647/estimated-users.pdf | 1467 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ task-2647/newusers.pdf | 1444 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ task-2647/trusted-details.pdf | 2413 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ task-2647/trusted.pdf | 912 +++++++++++++++ 9 files changed, 10683 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) diff --git a/task-2647/.gitignore b/task-2647/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc423ca --- /dev/null +++ b/task-2647/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.aux +*.log +countingusers.pdf + diff --git a/task-2647/bridge-users.pdf b/task-2647/bridge-users.pdf new file mode 100644 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+<< +/Size 10 +/Info 1 0 R +/Root 2 0 R +>> +startxref +14716 +%%EOF diff --git a/task-2647/countingusers.tex b/task-2647/countingusers.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c05f2b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/task-2647/countingusers.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1044 @@ +\documentclass{article} +\usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usepackage{color} + +\begin{document} + +\author{Sebastian Hahn and Karsten Loesing\\{\tt\{sebastian,karsten\}(a)torproject.org}} +\title{Privacy-preserving Ways to\\Estimate the Number of Tor Users} +%Counting Users in the Tor Network in a Privacy-Preserving Way +\maketitle + +\section{Introduction} + +The Tor network allows hundreds of thousands of users every day to stay +anonymous online and enables additional tens of thousands of people in +oppressed countries to circumvent local censorship. +At least, these are the orders of magnitude of Tor usage that we assume +at the time of writing this report. +Estimating the number of users in an anonymity network is a hard +problem. +On the one hand, it's important to learn something about the users of a +network to improve its service. +On the other hand, the users of an anonymity network have a high +demand for privacy, which prohibits collecting sensitive information that +is necessary to obtain exact usage statistics. +In this report we describe our approaches to collect aggregated usage +data and derive user number estimates from them. +% cite WESCR 2010 paper? + +We start with our two current approaches to estimate the number of +non-censored daily users. +These approaches are based on counting the number of directory +requests that clients make to update their network information. +Clients need to download initial network information from a small fixed +set of relays, the directory authorities, and refresh their network +information in regular intervals from a larger changing set of relays, the +directory mirrors. +We describe our current approach to estimate the number of new and +returning users from requests seen at directory authorities in +Section~\ref{sec:auths} and our estimate of recurring users based on +requests to directory mirrors in Section~\ref{sec:current}. +%from one of a few hundred relays that are configured as directory mirrors. +%We count these requests on a fast directory mirror, which also reports +%what share of the total requests in the network it thinks it has answered. +%We project the total number of requests in the network using the +%self-reported share and divide by the number of requests that each client +%makes to estimate the total number of users. + +In Section~\ref{sec:combine}, we extend our current approach to count +recurring users by combining reported directory requests from multiple +directory mirrors. +%We estimate the fraction of observed requests from the number of bytes +%that directory mirrors spend on answering directory requests instead of +%relying on self-reported expected shares. +The result is a less volatile user number estimate with fewer outliers and +missing data points. + +The previous approaches have in common that they estimate user numbers +based on the number of directory requests. +In Section~\ref{sec:entry} we discuss an estimation based on the number of +unique IP addresses seen on a fast directory mirror. +Clients open numerous connections to directory mirrors to download +updated network status information such as new consensuses and +the relay descriptors therein. +%There are roughly 2000 relays in the Tor network at the time of writing. +%Clients need to download the descriptors of all relays, so that they can, +%in theory, use any relay for building a circuit. +A quick analysis of the logs of a bootstrapping Tor client reveals that a +relay that is chosen for 5~\% of all directory requests sees at least +two-thirds of all client IP addresses. +% Explain what kind of analysis? +% +%As a result, Tor is going to introduce the concept of \emph{directory +%guards} which makes client select a fixed set of directory mirrors for all +%requests. +%But until directory guards are implemented, +We can use the number of +unique IP addresses on a fast directory mirror to estimate the number of +daily users. +The presented approach is based on data coming from a single directory +mirror. +Combining unique IP addresses from multiple directory mirrors needs to be +done very carefully and is left for future work. + +We sketch a design to introduce a new counting cell type in +Section~\ref{sec:countingcell}. +Clients would send counting cells once a day to counting authorities or +entry guards. +We discuss the attack potential and possible defenses against adversarial actions. +% TODO is there a better word than 'trick'? yes. + +In Section~\ref{sec:bridges} we describe our current approach to count +censored users. +These users cannot connect to the publicly known relays to download +directory information or establish circuits. +Therefore, censored users have to learn about one or more bridge relays +which behave in a similar manner to normal relays except that they are not listed in +the public directory. +%Clients fetch all their directory information and establish all their +%circuits with a bridge as their first entry point into the Tor network. +Bridges report the number of unique IP addresses they see every day. +Our current approach to count censored users is to simply sum up these +unique IP addresses per day. +We discuss shortcomings and propose improvements to derive a better +estimate for censored Tor users. + +We conclude with a comparison of the described approaches, identify the +most promising approaches, recommend possible improvements, and outline +future work in Section~\ref{sec:conclusion}. + +\section{Counting requests on directory authorities} +\label{sec:auths} + +As of mid 2010, we use two approaches to estimate the number of +non-censored Tor users: +The first approach captures the number of new or returning users, the +second approach counts the recurring users. +This distinction comes from the design of our estimates that are both +based on Tor's directory protocol. + +Whenever a client bootstraps or when its network information becomes +stale, the client requests a fresh network status, which is a list of all +currently running relays, from the directories. +New clients which do not have any directory information pick one of +a fixed set of hard-coded directory authorities for their request. +There are currently eight such directory authorities, but the set can be +changed whenever a new version of the Tor software is released. +Returning clients with outdated network information take the same +approach. +Recurring clients with still recent network information choose a directory +mirror for their update request. +The approach for counting new and returning users is described in this +section, the approach for counting recurring users in the next section. + +Seven out of eight directory authorities report the number of directory +requests they're answering every day. +When we started estimating new and returning users, only one or two +directory authorities were reporting these data. +That is why we weight the requests seen by a single directory authority +with the expected fraction of requests that the directory authority should +see. +In 2009, clients knew about 7 directory authorities of which on average 6 +were running at the same time. +Hence, we made the assumption that the directory authorities reporting +request numbers were picked for every sixth request by new and returning +clients. +Even though an eighth directory authority has been added in 2010, only +clients running a recent development version of Tor use this new directory +authority. +We therefore stick with our original assumption that a directory authority +sees 1 out of 6 requests. +We multiply the reported request number by 6 to obtain an estimate of +daily new or returning users. + +\begin{figure}[t] +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{newusers.pdf} +\caption{Estimated number of new and returning users} +\label{fig:newusers} +\end{figure} + +Figure~\ref{fig:newusers} shows the estimated number of new or returning +users based on the request numbers reported by directory authority +\texttt{gabelmoo} (black) and the average reported request numbers by all +directory authorities (gray). +The estimated user number based on the average of all directory +authorities is 20 to 25 thousand users higher than the numbers reported +by \texttt{gabelmoo}, but in general, both estimates are of the same order +of magnitude. +The peak in March 2010 results from a single directory authority reporting +ten times as many requests as the other directory authorities. +This is probably due to a bug in the Tor code and not an actual increase in +users. +The increase in April 2010 can also be explained by bugs in the Tor code +which led to overloading the network. +We therefore expect the average number of new or returning users to be +around 100 thousand. + +However, it's difficult to interpret this estimated user number in a +meaningful way. +We don't know how many hours per day a typical user is connected to the +network and after how many hours or days they typically return. +We are more interested in the total number of users connecting to the +network at least once a day. +This question can better be answered by the estimates described below +which attempt to count the number of recurring users. + +\section{Counting requests on directory mirrors} +\label{sec:current} + +Our current approach for estimating (recurring) daily users is based on +the fact that every client needs to refresh its network information every +few hours in order to make indistinguishable path selection decisions. +Clients weight their choice of a directory mirror by the relays' bandwidth +capacities in order to load-balance requests. +The idea of this approach is to infer the number of users from the number +of directory requests on a fast directory mirror and weight them with the +request share the reporting directory mirrors expects to see. + +For our user number estimation, we count the number of network status +requests on a fast directory mirror. +We first estimate how many network status requests there are in the +network by dividing the local request number by the share of requests that +this particular directory mirror thinks it should see. +As an approximation of the request share, the directory mirror reports +the probability of picking itself if it were a client. +In the second step we estimate the number of users by dividing the global +network status request numbers by 10 on the assumption that every client +makes on average 10 requests per day. +10 is probably a too high number, but one that prevents us from +over-counting our users. +% We could derive some statistics from the Torperfs running on moria to +% support our assumption that 10 is too high. + +\begin{equation} +U_t = \frac{r_t}{s_t \times 10} +\end{equation} + +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{p{0.75cm}p{9cm}} +$U_t$ & User number estimate based on directory requests to directory +mirror \texttt{trusted}\\ +$r_t$ & Directory requests to directory mirror \texttt{trusted}\\ +$s_t$ & Share of directory requests expected at directory mirror +\texttt{trusted}\\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{figure}[t] +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{trusted.pdf} +\caption{User number estimate based on directory requests to directory +mirror \texttt{trusted}} +\label{fig:trusted} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure}[t] +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{trusted-details.pdf} +\caption{Directory requests, shares, and user number estimate, based on +directory requests to directory mirror \texttt{trusted}} +\label{fig:trusted-details} +\end{figure} + +Figure~\ref{fig:trusted} shows the daily user number estimate based on +directory requests to the fast directory mirror \texttt{trusted}. +Evidently, this estimate is flawed by having outliers and lots of missing +values. +Some of these problems can be explained when looking at the input data. +Figure~\ref{fig:trusted-details} shows the directory requests $r_t$ and +expected share of requests $s_t$ as well as the estimated user number +$U_t$. +From these two graphs we can make a few observations: + +\begin{itemize} +\item The peaks in May 2010 and later with 1.2 million and 800 +thousand daily users (marked with gray circles) are probably not accurate user +numbers, but more likely measurement errors. +These data points result from directory request shares being slightly +higher than 1~\%. +(Data points with directory request shares of 1~\% or less are excluded +anyway; if these data points were included, there would have been even +more outliers with millions of users which are unlikely real.) +Raising the bar to 1.5~\% would eliminate these outliers, but would also +remove a lot of, apparently correct, data points. +\item In September 2009 (first dashed line), user numbers increased from +roughly 150 to 250 thousand, and volatility of user numbers increased by +factor 2 to 3. +While the request numbers remain more or less stable during this time, +the expected share of requests seen by \texttt{trusted} drops from 3.5~\% +to 2~\%. +The reason for this decrease is that more recent clients started weighting +relays by active bandwidth scanner results instead of the relays' +self-reported bandwidth claims. +However, \texttt{trusted} assumes that all clients use the bandwidth +scanner results for path selection which is not the case. +\item Beginning in June 2010 (second dashed line), shares drop to zero for +about a month, stabilize at around 1.5~\% for two months and then +oscillate between 0 and 9~\%. +The reason for this behavior is the introduction of consensus weights that further help +clients to make good path selection decisions. +Again, \texttt{trusted} bases its expected request share on the +assumption that all clients use consensus weights for their path selection +decisions which is wrong. +\end{itemize} + +In summary, the major problem with the described approach is the +approximation of the request share that a directory mirror expects to see. +The various deployed Tor versions all use different weights for picking a +directory mirror: +Clients running Tor version 0.2.0.x use the relays' self-advertised +bandwidths to decide which directory mirror to pick. +Clients on version 0.2.1.x use actively measured bandwidths from four +bandwidth scanners running on the authoritative directory servers for +their choice. +Clients running version 0.2.2.x base their decision on the measured +bandwidths, but weighted by network-wide factors depending on the assigned +relay flags of a directory mirror. +The shares reported by directory mirror \texttt{trusted} reflect a +situation in which all clients run the same Tor version as +\texttt{trusted} at the given time, which is not the case. +While we could calculate shares independent of \texttt{trusted}, we have +no reliable data about the fractions of running client versions and could +therefore not weight the calculated version-specific request shares. +In the next section we discuss an approach to combine the findings of +multiple directory mirrors and replace the expected request share by a +more reliable metric. + +% It might also be problematic that relays update their advertised +% bandwidth only every 18 hours when publishing a new descriptor. +% Likewise, bandwidth scanners scan a relay only every so often. There +% may be significant changes from one bandwidth value to the next, but +% clients take a few hours to notice that change. More research would be +% necessary, but we already know the approach is broken, so might as well +% not care. + +The second problem with the described approach is that the estimated user +number is less precise the fewer requests a directory mirror sees. +When we started estimating user numbers based on directory mirror +\texttt{trusted}, it reported shares of roughly 3.5~\% of all requests in +the network. +With the introduction of the various performance improvements and with the +recent increase in fast directory mirrors, this share has decreased to +1.5~\%. +As we can see, estimations based on a fraction of observations this small +are not very reliable. + +The third problem is that we can only guess that a client makes 10 network +status requests per day. +While this assumption may work for clients which are connected to the Tor +network all day, other clients may well send fewer requests than 10. +We do not have any data about the average hours of Tor usage per day to +come up with a better number than 10 requests. +If, for example, the real number of requests per client was 5, our +estimate would be off by a factor 2. +The good news is that, while being off by an unknown factor, we're off by +that factor all the time, so that comparisons over time are still +accurate. + +% Idea for implementing directory guards: With all relays caching +% directory information, instead of building circuits to directories +% *using* directory guards, clients could simply ask their directory +% guards for whatever directory information they want to know. + +\section{Combining requests to directory mirrors} +\label{sec:combine} + +%\paragraph{Summing up requests and shares} +% +%The first new approach combines directory requests simply by summing up +%requests and shares of all directory mirrors reporting these numbers. +%While \texttt{trusted} was the only fast directory mirror reporting +%directory requests for about a year, a couple of even faster relays +%started reporting these numbers in August 2010. +% +%\begin{equation} +%U_s = \frac{r}{s \times 10} +%\end{equation} +% +%\begin{center} +%\begin{tabular}{p{1cm}p{9cm}} +%$U_s$ & User estimate based on sums of all directory requests and shares\\ +%$r$ & Directory requests to all reporting directory mirrors\\ +%$s$ & Share of directory requests expected at all reporting directory +%mirrors\\ +%\end{tabular} +%\end{center} +% +%\begin{figure}[t] +%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{share.png} +%\caption{Directory requests, shares and user number estimate based on +%directory requests by all reporting directory mirrors (black), compared +%to \texttt{trusted} only (gray)} +%\label{fig:share} +%\end{figure} +% +%Figure~\ref{fig:share} shows the total requests, shares, and estimated +%users based on all reporting directory mirrors. +%The total request numbers and reported shares exceed those of +%\texttt{trusted} in May 2010 and from August 2010 on. +%The resulting user number estimate is similar to the current approach +%until May 2010, because \texttt{trusted} was reporting most of the +%requests during that time anyway. +%Beginning in May 2010, the combined numbers have by far fewer missing +%data points, because it's easier to reach shares of 1~\% or higher with +%multiple data source. +%At the same time, the estimated user numbers are lower when combining all +%available data sources. +% +%The results of this new approach are still not satisfactory. +%In particular the estimates of about 1 million users in May 2010 and later +%are hardly correct. +%In addition to that, it's unlikely that the reporting directory mirrors +%saw up to 80~\% of all requests in September and October 2010. +%In the two approaches below we drop the self-reported expected directory +%request shares completely and use different metrics to answer what +%fraction of directory requests have been reported on a given day. +% +%\paragraph{Estimating total requests using bandwidth histories} +% +%The second new approach to combine directory requests makes use of +%bandwidth histories to estimate what fraction of directory requests has +%been reported. +%Rather than resembling clients' decisions for selecting relays (which can +%be difficult with the different deployed path selection strategies), we +%use the bandwidth histories reported by relays to estimate what fraction +%of directory requests they have seen. +%If all directory mirrors reporting directory requests together have +%pushed $b_{pr}$ bytes and all directory mirrors, whether or not they +%report directory requests, have pushed $b_p$ bytes, we expect that in the +%whole network, there have been $\frac{b_p}{b_{pr}}$ as many directory +%requests as we have seen. +%The underlying assumption is that the directory mirrors reporting +%directory requests spend the same fraction of bytes on answering directory +%requests as all directory mirrors. +% +%\begin{equation} +%U_p = r \times \frac{b_p}{b_{pr} \times 10} +%\end{equation} +% +%\begin{center} +%\begin{tabular}{p{1cm}p{9cm}} +%$U_p$ & User estimate based on directory requests to all reporting +%directory mirrors, weighted by bandwidth histories\\ +%$r$ & Directory requests answered by all reporting directory mirrors\\ +%$b_p$ & Written and read bytes by all directory mirrors\\ +%$b_{pr}$ & Written and read bytes by directory mirrors that report +%directory requests\\ +%\end{tabular} +%\end{center} +% +%\begin{figure}[t] +%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bwhist.png} +%\caption{Directory requests, shares and user number estimate based on +%directory requests weighted by bandwidth histories} +%\label{fig:bwhist} +%\end{figure} +% +%Figure~\ref{fig:bwhist} shows the estimated users based on directory +%requests weighted by written and read bytes of reporting directory mirrors +%compared to all directory mirrors. +%The user number estimate is less volatile than the previous two estimates +%and has no outliers in the millions. +%There are also only very few missing data points, because the share is +%above 1~\% most of the time. +% +%However, the range of 50 to 500 thousand daily users is still higher than +%expected. +%It might be that the assumption that directory mirrors reporting directory +%requests spend the same fraction of bytes on answering directory requests +%as all directory mirrors is inaccurate. +%We hope that this assumption becomes less important with an even higher +%number of directory mirrors reporting directory requests in the future. + +The major shortcomings of the approach described in the previous section +are very low request shares of 1.5~\% or less and the difficulty to +accurately estimate shares of directory requests seen at directory mirrors. +In this section we discuss a new approach to overcome these two problems. +The presented approach combines the reported directory request numbers +from multiple directory mirrors and uses the relays' bandwidth histories +to determine what fraction of the total requests in the network have been +reported. + +This new approach utilizes a recently introduced metric: bytes spent on +answering directory requests. +Directory mirrors running Tor version 0.2.2.15-alpha or higher report +how many bytes they spent on answering directory requests in addition to +the number of bytes they spent on all traffic. +By looking at the relay descriptor archives, we can estimate the number of +directory bytes written on a give day by both the relays reporting directory requests and all +directory mirrors (including those that did not report directory requests). + +As a first step we estimate the number of directory bytes written by +directory mirrors. +Only a fraction of the directory mirrors are running Tor version +0.2.2.15-alpha or higher, which is why we have to extrapolate the number +of directory bytes from the reported number. +For the first estimation we assume that every directory mirror spends the +same fraction of its total bytes on answering directory requests. +Hence, the reported number of directory bytes constitute a fraction of +total directory bytes in the network that is equal to the number of bytes +written by directory mirrors reporting directory bytes divided by the +number of bytes written by all directory mirrors. +% +%\begin{equation} +%d_p = \frac{d \times b_p}{b_d} +%\end{equation} +% +%\begin{center} +%\begin{tabular}{p{1cm}p{9cm}} +%$d_p$ & Estimated directory bytes\\ +%$d$ & Reported directory bytes\\ +%$b_p$ & Reported written bytes by all directory mirrors\\ +%$b_d$ & Reported written bytes by directory mirrors reporting directory +%bytes\\ +%\end{tabular} +%\end{center} + +For the second estimation we assume that the difference between total +written and total read bytes on directory mirrors is to a large extent the +result of answering small directory requests with large directory objects. +We observed that relays that don't mirror the directory write more bytes +than they read, too, but the difference between written and read bytes is +much smaller than on directory mirrors. +We weight the bytes written by directory mirrors with the quotient of +read and written bytes on relays that don't mirror the directory in order +to account for non-directory related factors. +We then subtract the number of bytes read by directory mirrors and obtain +an estimate of directory bytes written by directory mirrors. + +\begin{figure}[t] +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dirbytes-mirrors.pdf} +\caption{Estimated directory bytes written by directory mirrors based on +the extrapolation of reported directory bytes (gray) and the difference +between written and read bytes (black)} +\label{fig:dirbytes-mirrors} +\end{figure} + +Figure~\ref{fig:dirbytes-mirrors} shows the two directory bytes +estimations. +Until mid-September 2010, the extrapolation of reported directory bytes +(gray) is slightly higher than the difference between written and read +bytes (black), but both estimates are of the same order of magnitude. +The difference of up to 4~MiB/s is not much when comparing it to the total +number of bytes written by directory mirrors, which is 300~MiB/s at the +time of writing. +With only three months of data, it is unclear which of the two estimates +is more accurate. +For the following analysis we use the difference between written and read +bytes as estimate for directory bytes, because these numbers are available +for the past 1.5 years. +Once we have a larger fraction of directory mirrors reporting directory +bytes we are going to revisit and possibly adjust this estimate. + +Now that we have an estimate of directory bytes written by all directory +mirrors and by the directory mirrors reporting directory requests, we can +extrapolate the number of observed directory requests to learn the total +number of directory requests in the network. +We assume that directory mirrors reporting directory requests spend the +same fraction of directory bytes on answering directory requests as all +directory mirrors. + +\begin{equation} +U_d = \frac{r \times (b^w_p \times \frac{b^r_n}{b^w_n} - b^r_p)}{(b^w_{pr} \times \frac{b^r_n}{b^w_n} - b^r_{pr}) \times 10} +\end{equation} + +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{p{0.75cm}p{9cm}} +$U_d$ & User number estimate based on multiple directory mirrors reporting +directory requests\\ +$r$ & Reported directory requests\\ +$b^w_p$ & Total bytes written by all directory mirrors\\ +$b^r_p$ & Total bytes read by all directory mirrors\\ +$b^w_n$ & Total bytes written by all relays that don't mirror the +directory\\ +$b^r_n$ & Total bytes read by all relays that don't mirror the directory\\ +$b^w_{pr}$ & Total bytes written by all directory mirrors reporting +directory requests\\ +$b^r_{pr}$ & Total bytes read by all directory mirrors reporting directory +requests\\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{figure}[t] +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{estimated-users.pdf} +\caption{User number estimate based on all reported directory requests +weighted by estimated written directory bytes (black) compared to the +current approach based on directory requests to directory mirror +\texttt{trusted} (gray)} +\label{fig:estimated-users} +\end{figure} + +Figure~\ref{fig:estimated-users} shows the new user number estimate +(black) and compares it to the current approach (gray). +The new user number estimate is less volatile and has no outliers in the +millions. +There are also no missing data points anymore, because the combined +directory requests originate from a fraction of directory mirrors that is +greater than 1~\% in the observed time interval. + +%We recommend to increase the fraction of directory mirrors reporting +%directory requests to have a more solid data basis. +%Possible next steps are to ask relay operators running fast and stable +%relays to collect and report these aggregate statistics. +%Further, the configuration option for reporting directory requests could +%be set by default for all relays. +%Once we have more data, we are going to revisit this approach and maybe +%fine-tune it. + +%\paragraph{Projecting requests using read/written directory bytes} +% +%We need to learn two data points to calculate what fraction of directory +%bytes the directory mirrors reporting directory requests have pushed. +%First, we need to calculate the number of directory bytes that all +%directory mirrors in the network pushed. +% +%\begin{verbatim} +%We need to find out what fraction of dirreqs are reported to us. +%We assume that the number of dirreqs that a relay answers scales +%proportionally to the number of dirbytes that the relay pushes, i.e., a +%relay that pushes 10 % of all dirbytes also answers 10 % of all dirreqs. +%We need to learn two things in order to answer this question: +%First, how many dirbytes did all relays in the network push? +%Second, how many dirbytes did the relays that report dirreqs push? +% +%We'll start by answering the first subproblem. +%We'd like to learn how many dirbytes were read/written in the network, +%but not all relays report dirbytes. +%Therefore, we weight the reported dirbytes with the fraction of total +%(non-dir) bytes that the relays reporting dirbytes pushed as compared to +%all pushed bytes. +%In order to answer the first question, we count: +% +%b: total reported bytes +%d: total reported dirbytes +%b_d: bytes reported by relays reporting dirbytes +% +%We then can estimate the total number of dirbytes. +% +%D = d * b / b_d +%D: total estimated dirbytes +% +%<dirbytes-total.png> +% +%We need to make sure that enough relays report dirbytes, or our +%extrapolation is based on too few data points. +%The fraction of bytes reported by relays that report dirbytes shouldn't +% +%drop below, say, 15 %. +%The graph only shows data for the fraction being 15 % or higher. +% +%f_bd = b_d / b +%f_bd: fraction of bytes reported by relays that report dirbytes +% +%The second sub problem to solve is to find out how many dirbytes have been +%pushed by the relays that report dirreqs. +%We again use the non-dir bytes that are reported by all relays for the +%extrapolation. +%We count: +% +%d_r: dirbytes reported by relays reporting dirreqs +%b_r: bytes reported by relays reporting dirreqs +%b_dr: bytes reported by relays reporting dirbytes and dirreqs +% +%We can then estimate the number of dirbytes being pushed by all relays +%reporting dirreqs. +% +%D_r = d_r * b_r / b_dr +%D_r: total estimated dirbytes reported by relays reporting dirreqs +% +%<dirbytes-part.png> +% +%Finally, we can estimate the total number of dirreqs by using the two +%estimates calculated above. +% +%R = r * D / D_r = r * (d * b / b_d) / (d_r * b_r / b_dr) +%R: total estimated dirreqs, different approaches +% +%Finally assume that each user makes 10 requests per day: +%U = R / 10 +%U: total estimate daily users +% +%\end{verbatim} + +\section{Counting IP addresses at directory mirrors} +\label{sec:entry} + +An alternative approach to count daily users is to count unique IP +addresses on a relay that sees most of the clients at least once a day. +A fast directory mirror is such a relay. +Clients open numerous connections to directory mirrors, in addition to +downloading network statuses, to download relay descriptors. +The Tor network consists of roughly 2000 relays at the time of writing, +and clients attempt to download all relay descriptors, so that they can +build circuits with any of these relays. +Clients split downloads among directory mirrors, because requests cannot +contain more than 96 relay descriptor identifiers. + +A quick analysis shows that an always running Tor client sends out on +average 80 requests for relay descriptors per day. +The probability of a fast directory mirror, say, one that is chosen for +5~\% of all directory requests, to be contacted at least once a day is +$1-0.95^{80} = 98.3\%$. +Even a client that only connects to the network for a few minutes per day +downloads all current descriptors which takes at least +$\lceil2000 / 96\rceil = 21$ requests. +The probability of such a client contacting a directory mirror that sees +5~\% of all requests is $1-0.95^{21} = 65.9\%$. + +In the near future, Tor is going to introduce \emph{directory guards}. +The idea is that clients pick a small number of relays as their directory +guards and send all directory requests to them. +This is meant to prevent a single malicious directory mirror from learning +about many client IP addresses. +But until directory guards are implemented, we can use the number of +unique IP addresses observed on a fast directory mirror to estimate the +number of daily users. + +\begin{figure}[t] +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{entrystats.pdf} +\caption{User number estimates based on unique IP addresses reported by +the fast directory mirror \texttt{trusted} (black) and two other fast +directory mirrors} +\label{fig:entrystats} +\end{figure} + +Figure~\ref{fig:entrystats} shows the user number estimates +based on unique IP addresses seen on three fast directory mirrors. +The fast directory mirror {\tt trusted} reports the highest number of +unique IP addresses of all three directory mirrors. +There are two time intervals when two or all three directory mirrors +report similar numbers: from December 2009 to January 2010 and from late +April to early May 2010. +The fact that the directory mirrors report similar numbers during those +times is an indication that they all saw the majority of clients in the +network. +We therefore believe that the user number estimates of 150 to 250 thousand +daily users are accurate and pose a realistic upper bound of the real +number of daily Tor users. +These estimates are also of the same order of magnitude as the estimates +described in the previous section. + +The major shortcoming of the described approach is that there is no simple +way to combine reported unique IP addresses of two or more directory +mirrors. +Directory mirrors keep the observed client IP addresses in memory for at +most 24 hours, report the absolute number of distinct addresses, and +discard the IP addresses. +It may be possible to exchange data structures containing IP addresses +between directory mirrors in a privacy-preserving way and combine them to +learn about the union size of unique IP address sets. +Possible approaches might be based on private set intersection techniques +or probabilistic data structures like Bloom filters. +We leave these approaches as future work. + +\section{Introducing a counting cell} +\label{sec:countingcell} + +Another approach is to introduce a new cell type to the Tor protocol; the counting cell. +This approach doesn't estimate user numbers by counting directory +requests or unique IP addresses. +Under this approach, clients would send counting cells once per day to special relays, called +counting authorities. + +\subsection{Counting cell overview} +The most important statistic for Tor's user count is the number of daily +users. +Our other metrics are passive observations by certain routers, +whereas the counting cell would be an active approach. +Tor clients would send a notification of their presence once daily, so that +the presence notifications can be added together to get the user count. +Tor has a notion of different cell types to encapsulate different information +when sending it along a circuit. +A new type of cell can easily be created to transport presence information. +This presence information is then reported to the metrics engine and +aggregated to find the actual user count for one day. + +Two different approaches are examined here: +The first approach uses Tor's directory authorities as counting authorities. +Clients report their presence via an anonymized tunnel. +Picking guard nodes as counting authorities is the other possibility. +Clients would not need to create a special circuit and can instead just use +one of their regular circuits to send the counting cell to the first hop directly. + +Some general considerations are valid for both types: +Counting authorities have to be very stable and well-connected so that +clients can report their presence reliably. +The counting authorities also need to export the data they received in +some document that can be collected by the metrics engine to analyze and +present the statistics. +Tor already has an extra-info descriptor mechanism in place that can be +used. + +\subsection{Using directory authorities as counting authorities} +Directory authorities have the same requirements as outlined above: +They need to be very stable, because everyone relies on them to +generate and sign the consensus. +They also already export their votes which get collected by the metrics +engine. + +Two options are available for how clients report their presence to these +counting authorities; they can either send a counting cell to each of +them or pick one at random. +Both approaches have advantages and drawbacks, outlined below: + +Sending the cell to all authorities might raise a scalability +problem as a single counting authority might not be able to keep +up with the load if all clients make one connection per day to report +their presence. +In a network with 250,000 users, an average of almost 3 reports per +second is to be expected. +In reality, since Tor's user base isn't distributed among timezones +equally, much higher report rates per second are to be anticipated. +The load this induces on each directory authorities should be carefully +examined, because it will increase proportional to an increase in the +user base. + +The advantage of reporting presence to all counting authorities is that +if a single report fails, the others can still count the user. +If any of the counting authorities reports a much lower value than +the others for a specific day, it can be taken out of the statistics +aggregating process for that day or until the connectivity problems +are resolved. + +Sending a counting cell to just one counting authority increases the +scalability of the system, as new counting authorities +could easily be added once the others are becoming overloaded. +Another advantage is that the user doesn't have to create one circuit +per counting authority, but rather just one per day. +This means that a user who doesn't use Tor for very long on a certain +day can still be counted correctly, even if she wouldn't have had the +time to report her presence to all authorities. + + +Data loss or other malfunctions on one of the counting authorities +poses a major problem in this scheme. +Such data loss cannot be corrected, and statistics for the time period +will be inaccurate. + +\paragraph{Abuse potential and inaccuracies} + +In a system where cells are reported to all counting authorities, +there is no strong protection against a counting authority that +increases the count of users by reporting a higher number of users by +just sending counting cells to the other authorities. +It would, however, prevent an authority from under-reporting the number +of users, because the others will report a higher user count so that +the data from the dishonest authority can be discarded by the statistics +aggregator. + +When users report their presence to only one counting authority, this +counting authority can under-report the number of users, +because under-reporting cannot be distinguished from being unavailable +for a part of the day. +It is also possible to increase the count of users even without sending +counting cells to the other counting authorities. +Detection of such behavior is very difficult, as lower numbers can +always be explained to be due to network problems at the counting +authority; and only very unusually high numbers would indicate increasing +the number of users maliciously. + +It is trivial to arbitrarily increase the count of users by sending on +average more than one counting cell per 24 hour window. +Because counting cells are anonymized, there are no special resources +necessary to execute the attack, other than the ability to make circuits +to the counting authorities. +This attack needs to be continued for as long as the user count is to be +influenced. +When the attack is stopped, the result will be an apparent loss of Tor +users. + +When the scheme is newly deployed or when alternative +implementations of Tor clients that don't include counting cells are +introduced, the number of Tor users will be undercounted. +Both cases have to be taken into consideration when evaluating the +collected data. + +\paragraph{Possibility for additional statistics} +Because clients report their presence anonymously under the counting cell scheme, additional statistics +can be gathered using this approach. + +Example statistics are client version and the uptime since the last +cell was sent. +% +While adding additional statistics, care must be taken that the anonymity +set is still sufficiently large. +For the client version, we could report the accurate version while it is +still recommended or ``outdated'' as a catch-all for older versions. +% +For the uptime since the last cell was sent, reporting uptime in half-hour +time intervals could provide proficient accuracy. + +More work is necessary to evaluate the additional risks of adding more +statistics. +If these statistics are deemed important, they can +use the same infrastructure set up for user number estimation. +Directory authorities are expected to be upgraded quickly, so the +new statistics would become available as soon as enough clients +upgrade. + + +\subsection{Using entry guards as counting authorities} +To address the scalability concerns outlined above, an alternative approach +is to use the entry guards that a client connects to anyway. +Not reporting presence information via an anonymized channel to one +of the chosen guard nodes has the advantage of being more scalable +than either proposed system. +The entry guards can keep track of which IP addresses have already +reported presence information on a given day and refuse +to accept another counting cell. +Also, availability concerns are reduced because a given entry guard +will see fewer counting cells compared to a counting authority. + +Guards that support acting as counting authorities and choose to do so +should be marked as such in the consensus by a special flag +so that clients can see which relays are acting as counting authorities. + +\paragraph{Abuse potential and inaccuracies} +Using entry guards as counting authorities gives them the same +abuse abilities as directory authorities have in the system where +presence information is reported to one of them; but it could be easier +to filter out extreme values as the reported values are expected to +be generally lower. + +The directory authorities should make sure that enough guards exist +so that over and undercounting guards can be detected and excluded +by the metrics engine. + +\paragraph{Possibility for additional statistics} +Because guards know who is connecting to them, there is more concern +when adding additional statistics compared to the directory authority +approach. +By including additional information about their presence, Tor clients add +bits of information that can help identify them across IP address changes. +This must be prevented, so additional statistics can not be implemented +when using guard nodes without further analysis showing their safety. + +\subsection{Usefulness of counting cells} +Because of the presented attacks, counting cells are likely to be useful +in addition to other user number estimation schemes only. +They can, however, provide an easy way to evaluate trends and +might allow new statistics to be gathered. + +\section{Counting IP addresses at bridges} +\label{sec:bridges} + +As a special case of counting Tor users, we are interested in the number +of censored Tor users connecting via bridges. +Censored users cannot connect to the publicly known relays to download +directory information or establish circuits. +Censored users have to learn about one or more bridge relays which are +similar to normal relays except that they are not listed in the public +directory and are therefore harder to block. +Bridge clients fetch all their directory information and establish all +their circuits with a bridge as first entry point into the Tor network. +Bridges report the number of unique IP addresses they see every day. +Our current approach to count censored users is to simply sum up these +unique IP addresses per day and interpret the result as estimated user +number. + +\begin{figure} +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bridge-users.pdf} +\caption{Estimated number of users connecting via bridges} +\label{fig:bridge-users} +\end{figure} + +Figure~\ref{fig:bridge-users} shows the estimated number of users +connecting via bridges. +These numbers are not expected to be as stable as the number of directly +connecting users, because some countries have successfully blocked relays or +even bridges in the past, which has led to sudden increases or decreases in +bridge user numbers. + +There are some shortcomings with this approach to count bridge users. +First, the approach makes the assumption that bridge users only connect to +a single bridge every day which is not necessarily the case. +As a result we may over-count bridge clients connecting to two or more +bridges. + +The second shortcoming is that we're excluding between 15 and 50~\% of +bridges from the statistics for various reasons: +bridges with fewer than 24 hours uptime are excluded, because bridges only +report statistics every 24 hours to hide the exact connection times and +protect the bridge users' privacy; +bridges that have been running as a non-bridge relay are excluded, because +they might report non-bridge users; +bridges without a GeoIP database are excluded, because they don't report +any statistics about connecting clients; +bridges running a few early versions of the 0.2.2 series are excluded, +because they had a bug in reporting bridge user statistics; +finally, an unknown number of bridges is excluded, because bridge +operators decide not to publish their bridge to the bridge authority and +circulate the bridge address to bridge users themselves. + +In the future, we might count the number of directory requests to bridges +in the same way as we do on directory mirrors. +Bridge clients need to refresh their view of the network at regular +intervals, too. +So, it should be possible to count bridge users in the same way as we +estimate directly connecting users. + +\section{Conclusion} +\label{sec:conclusion} + +In this report we described our current approaches to estimate daily Tor +users based on counting directory requests and unique IP addresses, and we +sketched a design to introduce special counting cells for this purpose. +We conclude with a brief summary. + +In Section~\ref{sec:auths} we discussed our current approaches for +counting new and returning as well as recurring users based on counting +directory requests. +We found that it is hard to interpret the estimate of new and returning +users without knowing how many hours per day our users are connected and +after how many hours or days they return. +We suggest discontinuance of this statistic because the rather +technical distinction between new/returning and recurring users is not +obvious. + +We described our approach to estimate recurring users based on directory +requests reported by directory mirror \texttt{trusted} in +Section~\ref{sec:current}. +We are facing two major problems with this approach, namely approximating +the request share that \texttt{trusted} can expect to see and the decrease +of said share over the past 12 months. +We recommend discontinuance of this statistic as well and recommend replacing it with a +statistic based on directory requests reported by multiple directory +mirrors. + +In Section~\ref{sec:combine} we described such an approach to combine the +directory requests from multiple directory mirrors. +This approach is based on the estimated number of directory bytes written +by directory mirrors. +We hope to gather more data from directory mirrors to improve this +promising approach. +Once we have confirmed its correctness, we propose to replace the current +two approaches to estimate direct users with this approach. + +We presented results from counting unique IP addresses on fast directory +mirrors in Section~\ref{sec:entry}. +These results are interesting, because they allow us to determine an upper +bound of daily users. +However, we did not find a simple way to combine reported unique IP +addresses of two or more directory mirrors in a privacy-preserving way. +Once the directory guard design is implemented, this approach won't +deliver useful estimates anymore. +We leave this problem as future work. + +In Section~\ref{sec:countingcell} we sketched a new design to introduce +counting cells that clients would send once a day to counting authorities +or entry guards. +Such an approach would allow us to gather better statistics about clients. +However, more work is needed to reduce the potential for abuse. + +Finally, in Section~\ref{sec:bridges} we described our current approach to +count censored users. +This statistic is based on the sum of unique IP addresses observed on +bridges with at least 24 hours uptime. +We suggest extending the statistics on bridges to count directory +requests. +We could then try to estimate the number of censored users by weighting +the observations with the bridges' reported bandwidth. +Again, we leave this extension as future work. + +\end{document} + diff --git a/task-2647/dirbytes-mirrors.pdf b/task-2647/dirbytes-mirrors.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..981c74b --- /dev/null +++ b/task-2647/dirbytes-mirrors.pdf @@ -0,0 +1,1114 @@ +%PDF-1.4 +%âãÏÓ\r +1 0 obj +<< +/CreationDate (D:20101116150408) +/ModDate (D:20101116150408) +/Title (R Graphics Output) +/Producer 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[metrics-web/master] Update link to data tech report.
by karsten＠torproject.org 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

commit 9c15dd8cb1f2dc825892825e259c57651f26b410 Author: Karsten Loesing <karsten.loesing(a)gmx.net> Date: Mon Mar 14 17:45:13 2011 +0100 Update link to data tech report. --- web/WEB-INF/papers.jsp | 4 ++-- 1 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/web/WEB-INF/papers.jsp b/web/WEB-INF/papers.jsp index da59b27..1880483 100644 --- a/web/WEB-INF/papers.jsp +++ b/web/WEB-INF/papers.jsp @@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ daily updated <a href="graphs.html">graphs</a>. <ul> <li>Overview of Statistical Data in the Tor Network - (<a href="papers/data-2010-12-29.pdf">PDF</a>, - 164K from December 29, 2010).</li> + (<a href="papers/data-2011-03-14.pdf">PDF</a>, + 166K from March 14, 2011).</li> <li>Privacy-preserving Ways to Estimate the Number of Tor Users (<a href="papers/countingusers-2010-11-30.pdf">PDF</a>, 307K from November 30, 2010).</li>

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[metrics-tasks/master] Add BridgeDB pool assignments to data tech report.
by karsten＠torproject.org 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

commit d24e3cbe77ba5545859fbe8da0cf445f642fed75 Author: Karsten Loesing <karsten.loesing(a)gmx.net> Date: Mon Mar 14 17:38:41 2011 +0100 Add BridgeDB pool assignments to data tech report. --- task-2754/data.tex | 57 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- 1 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-) diff --git a/task-2754/data.tex b/task-2754/data.tex index fe8e322..1a2745d 100644 --- a/task-2754/data.tex +++ b/task-2754/data.tex @@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ information in Section~\ref{sec:bridgesan}. Second, we describe the numerous aggregate statistics that relays publish about their usage \cite{loesing2010case} in Sections~\ref{sec:bytehist} to \ref{fig:connbidirect}. -Third, we delineate the output of various Tor services like GetTor or +Third, we delineate the output of various Tor services like BridgeDB, +GetTor, or Tor Check as well as specific measurement tools like Torperf in Sections~\ref{sec:torperf} to \ref{sec:exitlist}. All data described in this report are available for download on the @@ -644,6 +645,60 @@ file (reformatted and annotated with comments)} \label{fig:torperf} \end{figure} +\section{BridgeDB pool assignment files} + +BridgeDB is the software that receives bridge network statuses containing +the information which bridges are running from the bridge authority, +assigns these bridges to persistent distribution rings, and hands them out +to bridge users. +BridgeDB periodically dumps the list of running bridges with information +about the rings, subrings, and file buckets to which they are assigned to +a local file. +The sanitized versions of these lists containing SHA-1 hashes of bridge +fingerprints instead of the original fingerprints are available for +statistical analysis. + +\begin{figure} +\begin{verbatim} +bridge-pool-assignment 2011-03-13 14:38:03 +00b834117566035736fc6bd4ece950eace8e057a unallocated +00e923e7a8d87d28954fee7503e480f3a03ce4ee email port=443 + flag=stable +0103bb5b00ad3102b2dbafe9ce709a0a7c1060e4 https ring=2 port=443 + flag=stable +[...] +\end{verbatim} +%---------------------------------------------------------------- +\vspace{-1em} +\caption{BridgeDB pool assignment file from March 13, 2011} +\label{fig:bridgeassignments} +\end{figure} + +Figure~\ref{fig:bridgeassignments} shows a BridgeDB pool assignment file +from March 13, 2011. +Every such file begins with a line containing the timestamp when BridgeDB +wrote this file. +Subsequent lines always start with the SHA-1 hash of a bridge fingerprint, +followed by ring, subring, and/or file bucket information. +There are currently three distributor ring types in BridgeDB: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item \texttt{unallocated}: These bridges are not distributed by BridgeDB, +but are either reserved for manual distribution or are written to file +buckets for distribution via an external tool. +If a bridge in the \texttt{unallocated} ring is assigned to a file bucket, +this is noted by \verb+bucket=$bucketname+. +\item \texttt{email}: These bridges are distributed via an e-mail +autoresponder. Bridges can be assigned to subrings by their OR port or +relay flag which is defined by \verb+port=$port+ and/or \verb+flag=$flag+. +\item \texttt{https}: These bridges are distributed via https server. +There are multiple https rings to further distribute bridges by IP address +ranges, which is denoted by \verb+ring=$ring+. +Bridges in the \texttt{https} ring can also be assigned to subrings by +OR port or relay flag which is defined by \verb+port=$port+ and/or +\verb+flag=$flag+. +\end{enumerate} + \section{GetTor statistics file} GetTor allows users to fetch the Tor software via email.

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r24354: {website} point people to the 25c3 talk too. we really ought to replac (website/trunk/docs/en)
by Roger Dingledine 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

Author: arma Date: 2011-03-14 16:27:00 +0000 (Mon, 14 Mar 2011) New Revision: 24354 Modified: website/trunk/docs/en/documentation.wml Log: point people to the 25c3 talk too. we really ought to replace the wth talk sometime. Modified: website/trunk/docs/en/documentation.wml =================================================================== --- website/trunk/docs/en/documentation.wml 2011-03-14 16:11:54 UTC (rev 24353) +++ website/trunk/docs/en/documentation.wml 2011-03-14 16:27:00 UTC (rev 24354) @@ -118,11 +118,15 @@ <a href="http://freehaven.net/~arma/slides-23c3.pdf">slides</a>, <a href="http://events.ccc.de/congress/2006/Fahrplan/events/1444.en.html">abstract</a>, <a href="https://svn.torproject.org/svn/projects/design-paper/blocking.html">design paper</a>), - and Roger's "Current events in 2007" talk from 24C3 in December + Roger's "Current events in 2007" talk from 24C3 in December 2007 (<a href="http://freehaven.net/~arma/24c3-2325-en-current_events_in_tor_development.m…">video</a>, <a href="http://freehaven.net/~arma/slides-24c3.pdf">slides</a>, - <a href="http://events.ccc.de/congress/2007/Fahrplan/events/2325.en.html">abstract</a>). + <a href="http://events.ccc.de/congress/2007/Fahrplan/events/2325.en.html">abstract</a>), and + Roger's "Vulnerabilities in Tor" talk from 25C3 in December + 2008 (<a + href="https://media.torproject.org/video/25c3-2977-en-security_and_anonymity_vuln…">video</a>, + <a href="http://freehaven.net/~arma/slides-25c3.pdf">slides</a>). </li> <li>

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r24353: {} we were missing my 25c3 slides (projects/presentations)
by Roger Dingledine 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

Author: arma Date: 2011-03-14 16:11:54 +0000 (Mon, 14 Mar 2011) New Revision: 24353 Added: projects/presentations/slides-25c3.odp projects/presentations/slides-25c3.pdf Log: we were missing my 25c3 slides Added: projects/presentations/slides-25c3.odp =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Property changes on: projects/presentations/slides-25c3.odp ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:mime-type + application/octet-stream Added: projects/presentations/slides-25c3.pdf =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Property changes on: projects/presentations/slides-25c3.pdf ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:mime-type + application/octet-stream

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r24352: {} the slides i used a few weeks ago at georgia tech (projects/presentations)
by Roger Dingledine 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

Author: arma Date: 2011-03-14 16:10:10 +0000 (Mon, 14 Mar 2011) New Revision: 24352 Added: projects/presentations/slides-gatech11.odp projects/presentations/slides-gatech11.pdf Log: the slides i used a few weeks ago at georgia tech Added: projects/presentations/slides-gatech11.odp =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Property changes on: projects/presentations/slides-gatech11.odp ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:mime-type + application/octet-stream Added: projects/presentations/slides-gatech11.pdf =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Property changes on: projects/presentations/slides-gatech11.pdf ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:mime-type + application/octet-stream

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[metrics-web/master] Having no recent consensus probably means we're in trouble.
by karsten＠torproject.org 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

commit 19a57c6a0987f92b5d2704b7b19b42c86876b047 Author: Karsten Loesing <karsten.loesing(a)gmx.net> Date: Mon Mar 14 14:53:44 2011 +0100 Having no recent consensus probably means we're in trouble. --- .../ernie/cron/ConsensusHealthChecker.java | 2 +- 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-) diff --git a/src/org/torproject/ernie/cron/ConsensusHealthChecker.java b/src/org/torproject/ernie/cron/ConsensusHealthChecker.java index 65a8cce..602d030 100644 --- a/src/org/torproject/ernie/cron/ConsensusHealthChecker.java +++ b/src/org/torproject/ernie/cron/ConsensusHealthChecker.java @@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ public class ConsensusHealthChecker { * with a warning, because we might just not have learned about a new * consensus in this execution. */ if (this.mostRecentConsensus == null) { - nagiosUnknowns.add("No consensus known"); + nagiosCriticals.add("No consensus known"); return; }

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[metrics-tasks/master] Add bridge pool assignment file parser for #2680.
by karsten＠torproject.org 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

commit 1e8dbd3857c58e26f57973da4d64170eae0e1be6 Author: Karsten Loesing <karsten.loesing(a)gmx.net> Date: Mon Mar 14 14:15:33 2011 +0100 Add bridge pool assignment file parser for #2680. --- task-2680/.gitignore | 2 + task-2680/ProcessSanitizedAssignments.java | 102 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ task-2680/README | 40 ++++++++++- task-2680/verify.R | 6 ++ 4 files changed, 147 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/task-2680/.gitignore b/task-2680/.gitignore index 6378a79..b394fe6 100644 --- a/task-2680/.gitignore +++ b/task-2680/.gitignore @@ -4,4 +4,6 @@ bridge-descriptors/ commons-codec-1.4.jar consensuses/ *.tar.bz2 +*.swp +bridge-pool-assignments/ diff --git a/task-2680/ProcessSanitizedAssignments.java b/task-2680/ProcessSanitizedAssignments.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9289aa1 --- /dev/null +++ b/task-2680/ProcessSanitizedAssignments.java @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +import java.io.*; +import java.util.*; + +public class ProcessSanitizedAssignments { + public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { + + /* Validate command-line arguments. */ + if (args.length != 1 || !new File(args[0]).exists()) { + System.out.println("Usage: java ProcessSanitizedAssignments <dir>"); + System.exit(1); + } + + /* Find all files that we should parse. Somewhat fragile, but should + * work. */ + System.out.println("Creating list of files we should parse."); + SortedMap<String, File> assignments = new TreeMap<String, File>(); + Stack<File> files = new Stack<File>(); + files.add(new File(args[0])); + while (!files.isEmpty()) { + File file = files.pop(); + if (file.isDirectory()) { + files.addAll(Arrays.asList(file.listFiles())); + } else { + assignments.put(file.getName(), file); + } + } + System.out.println("We found " + assignments.size() + " bridge pool " + + "assignment files."); + + /* Parse assignments. */ + if (!assignments.isEmpty()) { + System.out.println("Parsing bridge pool assignment files."); + BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter( + "assignments.csv")); + bw.write("assignment,fingerprint,type,ring,port,flag,bucket\n"); + int parsedAssignments = 0, totalAssignments = assignments.size(), + writtenOutputLines = 1; + long started = System.currentTimeMillis(); + for (File file : assignments.values()) { + BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file)); + String line, assignmentTime = null; + while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) { + if (line.startsWith("bridge-pool-assignment ")) { + assignmentTime = line.substring("bridge-pool-assignment ". + length()); + } else { + String[] parts = line.split(" "); + String fingerprint = parts[0]; + String type = parts[1]; + String ring = null, port = null, flag = null, bucket = null; + for (int i = 2; i < parts.length; i++) { + String[] parts2 = parts[i].split("="); + String key = parts2[0]; + String value = parts2[1]; + if (key.equals("ring")) { + } else if (key.equals("ring")) { + ring = value; + } else if (key.equals("port")) { + port = value; + } else if (key.equals("flag")) { + flag = value; + } else if (key.equals("bucket")) { + bucket = value; + } else { + System.out.println("Unknown keyword in line '" + line + + "'. Please check. Exiting."); + System.exit(1); + } + } + bw.write(assignmentTime + "," + fingerprint + "," + type + "," + + (ring != null ? ring : "NA") + "," + + (port != null ? port : "NA") + "," + + (flag != null ? flag : "NA") + "," + + (bucket != null ? bucket : "NA") + "\n"); + writtenOutputLines++; + } + } + br.close(); + parsedAssignments++; + if (parsedAssignments % (totalAssignments / 10) == 0) { + double fractionDone = (double) (parsedAssignments) / + (double) totalAssignments; + double fractionLeft = 1.0D - fractionDone; + long now = System.currentTimeMillis(); + double millisLeft = ((double) (now - started)) * fractionLeft / + fractionDone; + long secondsLeft = (long) millisLeft / 1000L; + System.out.println(" " + (parsedAssignments / (totalAssignments + / 10)) + "0% done, " + secondsLeft + " seconds left."); + } + } + bw.close(); + System.out.println("Parsed " + parsedAssignments + " bridge pool " + + "assignment files and wrote " + writtenOutputLines + " lines " + + "to assignments.csv."); + } + + /* This is it. */ + System.out.println("Terminating."); + } +} + diff --git a/task-2680/README b/task-2680/README index a00856f..65d8b85 100644 --- a/task-2680/README +++ b/task-2680/README @@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ This ticket contains Java and R code to This README has a separate section for each Java or R code snippet. -The Java applications produce three output formats containing bridge -descriptors, bridge status lines, and hashed relay identities. The data -formats are described below. +The Java applications produce four output formats containing bridge +descriptors, bridge status lines, bridge pool assignments, and hashed +relay identities. The data formats are described below. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -33,6 +33,23 @@ ProcessSanitizedBridges.java -------------------------------------------------------------------------- +ProcessSanitizedAssignments.java + + - Download sanitized bridge pool assignments from the metrics website, + e.g., https://metrics.torproject.org/data/bridge-pool-assignments-2011-01.tar.bz2 + and extract them in a local directory, e.g., bridge-pool-assignments/. + + - Compile the Java class, e.g., + $ javac ProcessSanitizedAssignments.java + + - Run the Java class, e.g., + $ java ProcessSanitizedAssignments bridge-pool-assignments/ + + - Once the Java application is done, you'll find a file assignments.csv + in this directory. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- + ProcessRelayConsensuses.java - Download v3 relay consensuses from the metrics website, e.g., @@ -130,6 +147,23 @@ The columns in statuses.csv are: -------------------------------------------------------------------------- +assignments.csv + +The assignments.csv file contains one line for every running bridge and +the rings, subrings, and buckets that BridgeDB assigned it to. + +The columns in assignments.csv are: + + - assignment: ISO-formatted bridge pool assignment time + - fingerprint: Hex-formatted SHA-1 hash of identity fingerprint + - type: Name of the distributor: "https", "email", or "unallocated" + - ring: Ring number, only for distributor "https" + - port: Port subring + - flag: Flag subring + - bucket: File bucket, only for distributor "unallocated" + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- + relays.csv The relays.csv file contains SHA-1 hashes of identity fingerprints of diff --git a/task-2680/verify.R b/task-2680/verify.R index 63ef233..241a196 100644 --- a/task-2680/verify.R +++ b/task-2680/verify.R @@ -25,3 +25,9 @@ if (file.exists("relays.csv")) { summary(as.POSIXct(r$consensus)) } +if (file.exists("assignments.csv")) { + cat("Verifying assignments.csv. This may take a while.\n") + r <- read.csv("assignments.csv", stringsAsFactors = FALSE) + summary(as.POSIXct(r$assignment)) +} +

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[metrics-tasks/master] Check in data tech report w/o bridge assignments.
by karsten＠torproject.org 14 Mar '11

14 Mar '11

commit 071651c75885a21a0a40dde1dfc7808b0c27d645 Author: Karsten Loesing <karsten.loesing(a)gmx.net> Date: Mon Mar 14 12:52:31 2011 +0100 Check in data tech report w/o bridge assignments. --- task-2754/.gitignore | 6 + task-2754/data.bib | 45 ++++ task-2754/data.tex | 717 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 768 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) diff --git a/task-2754/.gitignore b/task-2754/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e4b915f --- /dev/null +++ b/task-2754/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +*.aux +*.bbl +*.blg +*.log +*.pdf + diff --git a/task-2754/data.bib b/task-2754/data.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..caec3b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/task-2754/data.bib @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +@misc{dirspec, + author = {Roger Dingledine and Nick Mathewson}, + title = {Tor directory protocol, version 3}, + note = {\url{https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor.git/blob_plain/HEAD:/doc/spec/dir-spec.txt}}, +} + +@inproceedings{loesing2009measuring, + title = {Measuring the {Tor} Network from Public Directory Information}, + author = {Karsten Loesing}, + booktitle = {Proc.\ HotPETS}, + year = {2009}, + month = Aug, + address = {Seattle, WA}, + note = {\url{https://metrics.torproject.org/papers/hotpets09.pdf}}, +} + +@inproceedings{loesing2010case, + title = {A Case Study on Measuring Statistical Data in the {Tor} Anonymity Network}, + author = {Karsten Loesing and Steven J. Murdoch and Roger Dingledine}, + booktitle = {Proc.\ Workshop on Ethics in Computer Security Research}, + year = {2010}, + month = Jan, + address = {Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain}, + note = {\url{https://metrics.torproject.org/papers/wecsr10.pdf}}, +} + +@techreport{hahn2010privacy, + title = {Privacy-preserving Ways to Estimate the Number of Tor Users}, + author = {Sebastian Hahn and Karsten Loesing}, + institution = {The Tor Project}, + year = {2010}, + month = Nov, + type = {Technical Report}, + note = {\url{https://metrics.torproject.org/papers/countingusers-2010-11-30.pdf}}, +} + +@techreport{loesing2009analysis, + title = {Analysis of Circuit Queues in {Tor}}, + author = {Karsten Loesing}, + institution = {The Tor Project}, + year = {2009}, + month = Aug, + note = {\url{https://metrics.torproject.org/papers/bufferstats-2009-08-25.pdf}}, +} + diff --git a/task-2754/data.tex b/task-2754/data.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe8e322 --- /dev/null +++ b/task-2754/data.tex @@ -0,0 +1,717 @@ +\documentclass{article} +\usepackage{url} +\usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usepackage{color} +\begin{document} +\title{Overview of Statistical Data in the Tor Network} +\author{Karsten Loesing} +\maketitle + +\section{Introduction} + +Statistical analysis in the Tor network can be performed using various +kinds of data. +In this report we give an overview of three major data sources for +statistics in the Tor network: +First, we recap measuring the Tor network from public directory +information \cite{loesing2009measuring} in Section~\ref{sec:serverdesc} +and explain the sanitzation process of (non-public) bridge directory +information in Section~\ref{sec:bridgesan}. +Second, we describe the numerous aggregate statistics that relays publish +about their usage \cite{loesing2010case} +in Sections~\ref{sec:bytehist} to \ref{fig:connbidirect}. +Third, we delineate the output of various Tor services like GetTor or +Tor Check as well as specific measurement tools like Torperf in +Sections~\ref{sec:torperf} to \ref{sec:exitlist}. +All data described in this report are available for download on the +metrics +website.\footnote{\texttt{https://metrics.torproject.org/data.html}} + +\section{Server descriptors and network statuses} +\label{sec:serverdesc} + +Relays in the Tor network report their capabilities by publishing server +descriptors to the directory authorities. +The directory authorities confirm reachability of relays and assign flags +to help clients make good path selections. +Every hour, the directory authorities publish a network status consensus +with all known running relays at the time. +Both server descriptors and network statuses constitute a solid data basis +for statistical analysis in the Tor network. +We described the approach to measure the Tor network from public directory +information in \cite{loesing2009measuring} and provide interactive +graphs on the metrics +website.\footnote{\texttt{https://metrics.torproject.org/graphs.html}} +In this section, we briefly describe the most interesting pieces of the +two descriptor formats that can be used for statistics. + +\paragraph{Server descriptors} + +The server descriptors published by relays at least once every 18 hours +contain the necessary information for clients to build circuits using a +given relay. +These server descriptors can also be useful for statistical analysis of +the Tor network infrastructure. + +We assume that the majority of server descriptors are correct. +But when performing statistical analysis on server descriptors, one has to +keep in mind that only a small subset of the information written to server +descriptors is confirmed by the trusted directory authorities. +In theory, relays can provide false information in their server +descriptors, even though the incentive to do so is probably low. + +Figure~\ref{fig:serverdesc} shows an example server descriptor. +The following data fields in server descriptors may be relevant to +statistical analysis: + +\begin{figure} +\begin{verbatim} +router blutmagie 192.251.226.206 443 0 80 +platform Tor 0.2.2.20-alpha on Linux x86_64 +opt protocols Link 1 2 Circuit 1 +published 2010-12-27 14:35:27 +opt fingerprint 6297 B13A 687B 521A 59C6 BD79 188A 2501 EC03 A065 +uptime 445412 +bandwidth 14336000 18432000 15905178 +opt extra-info-digest 5C1D5D6F8B243304079BC15CD96C7FCCB88322D4 +opt caches-extra-info +onion-key +[...] +signing-key +[...] +family $66CA87E164F1CFCE8C3BB5C095217A28578B8BAF + $67EC84376D9C4C467DCE8621AACA109160B5264E + $7B698D327F1695590408FED95CDEE1565774D136 +opt hidden-service-dir +contact abuse(a)blutmagie.de +reject 0.0.0.0/8:* +reject 169.254.0.0/16:* +reject 127.0.0.0/8:* +reject 192.168.0.0/16:* +reject 10.0.0.0/8:* +reject 172.16.0.0/12:* +reject 192.251.226.206:* +reject *:25 +reject *:119 +reject *:135-139 +reject *:445 +reject *:465 +reject *:563 +reject *:587 +reject *:1214 +reject *:4661-4666 +reject *:6346-6429 +reject *:6660-6999 +accept *:* +router-signature +[...] +\end{verbatim} +\vspace{-1em} +\caption{Server descriptor published by relay \texttt{blugmagie} (without +cryptographic keys and hashes)} +\label{fig:serverdesc} +%---------------------------------------------------------------- +\end{figure} + +\begin{itemize} +\item \textit{IP address and ports:} Relays provide their IP address +and ports where they accept requests to build circuits and directory +requests. +These data fields are contained in the first line of a server descriptor +starting with \verb+router+. +Note that in rare cases, the IP address provided here can be different +from the IP address used for exiting to the Internet. +The latter can be found in the exit lists produced by Tor Check as +described in Section~\ref{sec:exitlist}. +\item \textit{Operating system and Tor software version:} Relays include +their operating system and Tor software version in their server +descriptors in the \verb+platform+ line. +While this information is very likely correct in most cases, a few relay +operators may try to impede hacking attempts by providing false platform +strings. +\item \textit{Uptime:} Relays include the number of seconds since the +last restart in their server descriptor in the \verb+uptime+ line. +\item \textit{Own measured bandwidth:} Relays report the bandwidth that +they are willing to provide on average and for short periods of time. +Relays also perform periodic bandwidth self-tests and report their actual +available bandwidth. +The latter was used by clients to weight relays in the path selection +algorithm and was sometimes subject to manipulation by malicious relays. +All three bandwidth values can be found in a server descriptor's +\verb+bandwidth+ line. +With the introduction of bandwidth scanners, the self-reported relay +bandwidth in server descriptors has become less +relevant.\footnote{\url{http://gitweb.torproject.org/torflow.git/}} +\item \textit{Relay family:} Some relay operators who run more than one +relay organize their relays in relay families, so that clients don't pick +more than one of these relays for a single circuit. +Each relay belonging to a relay family lists the members of that family +either by nickname or fingerprint in its server descriptor in the +\verb+family+ line. +\item \textit{Exit policy:} Relays define their exit policy by including +firewall-like rules which outgoing connections they reject or accept in +the \verb+reject+ and \verb+accept+ lines. +\end{itemize} + +These are just a subset of the fields in a server descriptor that seem +relevant for statistical analysis. +For a complete list of fields in server descriptors, see the directory +procol specification \cite{dirspec}. + +\paragraph{Network statuses} + +Every hour, the directory authorities publish a new network status that +contains a list of all running relays. +The directory authorities confirm reachability of the contained relays and +assign flags based on the relays' characteristics. +The entries in a network status reference the last published server +descriptor of a relay. + +The network statuses are relevant for statistical analysis, because they +constitute trusted snapshots of the Tor network. +Anyone can publish as many server descriptors as they want, but only the +directory authorities can confirm that a relay was running at a given +time. +Most statistics on the Tor network infrastructure rely on network statuses +and possibly combine them with the referenced server descriptors. +Figure~\ref{fig:statusentry} shows the network status entry referencing +the server descriptor from Figure~\ref{fig:serverdesc}. +In addition to the reachability information, network statuses contain the +following fields that may be relevant for statistical analysis: + +\begin{figure} +\begin{verbatim} +r blutmagie YpexOmh7UhpZxr15GIolAewDoGU + lFY7WmD/yvVFp9drmZzNeTxZ6dw 2010-12-27 14:35:27 192.251.226.206 + 443 80 +s Exit Fast Guard HSDir Named Running Stable V2Dir Valid +v Tor 0.2.2.20-alpha +w Bandwidth=30800 +p reject 25,119,135-139,445,465,563,587,1214,4661-4666,6346-6429, + 6660-6999 +\end{verbatim} +%---------------------------------------------------------------- +\vspace{-1em} +\caption{Network status entry of relay \texttt{blutmagie}} +\label{fig:statusentry} +\end{figure} + +\begin{itemize} +\item \textit{Relay flags:} The directory authorities assign flags to +relays based on their characteristics to the line starting with \verb+s+. +Examples are the \verb+Exit+ flag if a relay permits exiting to the +Internet and the \verb+Guard+ flag if a relay is stable enough to be +picked as guard node +\item \textit{Relay version:} The directory authorities include the +version part of the platform string written to server descriptors in the +network status in the line starting with \verb+v+. +\item \textit{Bandwidth weights:} The network status contains a bandwidth +weight for every relay in the lines with \verb+w+ that clients shall use +for weighting relays in their path selection algorithm. +This bandwidth weight is either the self-reported bandwidth of the relay +or the bandwidth measured by the bandwidth scanners. +\item \textit{Exit policy summary:} Every entry in a network status +contains a summary version of a relay's exit policy in the line starting +with \verb+p+. +This summary is a list of accepted or rejected ports for exit to most IP +addresses. +\end{itemize} + +\section{Sanitized bridge descriptors} +\label{sec:bridgesan} + +Bridges in the Tor network publish server descriptors to the bridge +authority which in turn generates a bridge network status. +We cannot, however, make the bridge server descriptors and bridge network +statuses available for statistical analysis as we do with the relay server +descriptors and relay network statuses. +The problem is that bridge server descriptors and network statuses contain +bridge IP addresses and other sensitive information that shall not be made +publicly available. +We therefore sanitize bridge descriptors by removing all potentially +identifying information and publish sanitized versions of the descriptors. +The processing steps for sanitizing bridge descriptors are as follows: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item \textit{Replace the bridge identity with its SHA1 value:} Clients +can request a bridge's current descriptor by sending its identity string +to the bridge authority. +This is a feature to make bridges on dynamic IP addresses useful. +Therefore, the original identities (and anything that could be used to +derive them) need to be removed from the descriptors. +The bridge identity is replaced with its SHA1 hash value. +The idea is to have a consistent replacement that remains stable over +months or even years (without keeping a secret for a keyed hash function). +\item \textit{Remove all cryptographic keys and signatures:} It would be +straightforward to learn about the bridge identity from the bridge's +public key. +Replacing keys by newly generated ones seemed to be unnecessary (and would +involve keeping a state over months/years), so that all cryptographic +objects have simply been removed. +\item \textit{Replace IP address with IP address hash:} Of course, the IP +address needs to be removed, too. +It is replaced with \verb+10.x.x.x+ with \verb+x.x.x+ being the 3 byte +output of \verb+H(IP address | bridge identity | secret)[:3]+. +The input \verb+IP address+ is the 4-byte long binary representation of +the bridge's current IP address. +The \verb+bridge identity+ is the 20-byte long binary representation of +the bridge's long-term identity fingerprint. +The \verb+secret+ is a 31-byte long secure random string that changes once +per month for all descriptors and statuses published in that month. +\verb+H()+ is SHA-256. +The \verb+[:3]+ operator means that we pick the 3 most significant bytes +of the result. +\item \textit{Replace contact information:} If there is contact +information in a descriptor, the contact line is changed to +\verb+somebody+. +\item \textit{Replace nickname with Unnamed:} The bridge nicknames might +give hints on the location of the bridge if chosen without care; e.g.\ a +bridge nickname might be very similar to the operators' relay nicknames +which might be located on adjacent IP addresses. +All bridge nicknames are therefore replaced with the string +\verb+Unnamed+. +\end{enumerate} + +Figure~\ref{fig:bridgeserverdesc} shows an example bridge server +descriptor that is referenced from the bridge network status entry in +Figure~\ref{fig:bridgestatusentry}. +For more details about this process, see the bridge descriptor sanitizer +and the metrics database +software.\footnote{\texttt{https://metrics.torproject.org/tools.html}} + +\begin{figure} +\begin{verbatim} +router Unnamed 10.74.150.129 443 0 0 +platform Tor 0.2.2.19-alpha (git-1988927edecce4c7) on Linux i686 +opt protocols Link 1 2 Circuit 1 +published 2010-12-27 18:55:01 +opt fingerprint A5FA 7F38 B02A 415E 72FE 614C 64A1 E5A9 2BA9 9BBD +uptime 2347112 +bandwidth 5242880 10485760 1016594 +opt extra-info-digest 86E6E9E68707AF586FFD09A36FAC236ADA0D11CC +opt hidden-service-dir +contact somebody +reject *:* +\end{verbatim} +\vspace{-1em} +\caption{Sanitized bridge server descriptor} +\label{fig:bridgeserverdesc} +%---------------------------------------------------------------- +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} +\begin{verbatim} + +r Unnamed pfp/OLAqQV5y/mFMZKHlqSupm70 dByzfWWLas9cen7PtZ3XGYIJHt4 + 2010-12-27 18:55:01 10.74.150.129 443 0 +s Fast Guard HSDir Running Stable Valid +\end{verbatim} +\vspace{-1em} +\caption{Sanitized bridge network status entry} +\label{fig:bridgestatusentry} +%---------------------------------------------------------------- +\end{figure} + +\section{Byte histories} +\label{sec:bytehist} + +Relays include aggregate statistics in their descriptors that they upload +to the directory authorities. +These aggregate statistics are contained in extra-info descriptors that +are published in companion with server descriptors. +Extra-info descriptors are not required for clients to build circuits. +An extra-info descriptor belonging to a server descriptor is referenced by +its SHA1 hash value. + +Byte histories were the first statistical data that relays published about +their usage. +Relays report the number of written and read bytes in 15-minute intervals +throughout the last 24 hours. +The extra-info descriptor in Figure~\ref{fig:extrainfo} contains the byte +histories in the two lines starting with \verb+write-history+ and +\verb+read-history+. +More details about these statistics can be found in the directory protocol +specification~\cite{dirspec}. + +\begin{figure} +\begin{verbatim} +extra-info blutmagie 6297B13A687B521A59C6BD79188A2501EC03A065 +published 2010-12-27 14:35:27 +write-history 2010-12-27 14:34:05 (900 s) 12902389760, + 12902402048,12859373568,12894131200,[...] +read-history 2010-12-27 14:34:05 (900 s) 12770249728,12833485824, + 12661140480,12872439808,[...] +dirreq-write-history 2010-12-27 14:26:13 (900 s) 51731456, + 60808192,56740864,54948864,[...] +dirreq-read-history 2010-12-27 14:26:13 (900 s) 4747264,4767744, + 4511744,4752384,[...] +dirreq-stats-end 2010-12-27 10:51:09 (86400 s) +dirreq-v3-ips us=2000,de=1344,fr=744,kr=712,[...] +dirreq-v2-ips ??=8,au=8,cn=8,cz=8,[...] +dirreq-v3-reqs us=2368,de=1680,kr=1048,fr=800,[...] +dirreq-v2-reqs id=48,??=8,au=8,cn=8,[...] +dirreq-v3-resp ok=12504,not-enough-sigs=0,unavailable=0, + not-found=0,not-modified=0,busy=128 +dirreq-v2-resp ok=64,unavailable=0,not-found=8,not-modified=0, + busy=8 +dirreq-v2-share 1.03% +dirreq-v3-share 1.03% +dirreq-v3-direct-dl complete=316,timeout=4,running=0,min=4649, + d1=36436,d2=68056,q1=76600,d3=87891,d4=131294,md=173579, + d6=229695,d7=294528,q3=332053,d8=376301,d9=530252,max=2129698 +dirreq-v2-direct-dl complete=16,timeout=52,running=0,min=9769, + d1=9769,d2=9844,q1=9981,d3=9981,d4=27297,md=33640,d6=60814, + d7=205884,q3=205884,d8=361137,d9=628256,max=956009 +dirreq-v3-tunneled-dl complete=12088,timeout=92,running=4, + min=534,d1=31351,d2=49166,q1=58490,d3=70774,d4=88192,md=109778, + d6=152389,d7=203435,q3=246377,d8=323837,d9=559237,max=26601000 +dirreq-v2-tunneled-dl complete=0,timeout=0,running=0 +entry-stats-end 2010-12-27 10:51:09 (86400 s) +entry-ips de=11024,us=10672,ir=5936,fr=5040,[...] +exit-stats-end 2010-12-27 10:51:09 (86400 s) +exit-kibibytes-written 80=6758009,443=498987,4000=227483, + 5004=1182656,11000=22767,19371=1428809,31551=8212,41500=965584, + 51413=3772428,56424=1912605,other=175227777 +exit-kibibytes-read 80=197075167,443=5954607,4000=1660990, + 5004=1808563,11000=1893893,19371=130360,31551=7588414, + 41500=756287,51413=2994144,56424=1646509,other=288412366 +exit-streams-opened 80=5095484,443=359256,4000=4508,5004=22288, + 11000=124,19371=24,31551=40,41500=96,51413=16840,56424=28, + other=1970964 +\end{verbatim} +%---------------------------------------------------------------- +\vspace{-1em} +\caption{Extra-info descriptor published by relay \texttt{blutmagie} +(without cryptographic signature and with long lines being truncated)} +\label{fig:extrainfo} +\end{figure} + +\section{Directory requests} + +The directory authorities and directory mirrors report statistical data +about processed directory requests. +Starting with Tor version 0.2.2.15-alpha, all directories report the +number of written and read bytes for answering directory requests. +The format is similar to the format of byte histories as described in the +previous section. +The relevant lines are \verb+dirreq-write-history+ and +\verb+dirreq-read-history+ in Figure~\ref{fig:extrainfo}. +These two lines contain the subset of total read and written bytes that +the directory mirror spent on responding to any kind of directory request, +including network statuses, server descriptors, extra-info descriptors, +authority certificates, etc. + +The directories further report statistics on answering directory requests +for network statuses only. +For Tor versions before 0.2.3.x, relay operators had to manually enable +these statistics, which is why only a few directories report them. +The lines starting with \verb+dirreq-v3-+ all belong to the directory +request statistics (the lines starting with \verb+dirreq-v2-+ report +similar statistics for version 2 of the directory protocol which is +deprecated at the time of writing this report). +The following fields may be relevant for statistical analysis: + +\begin{itemize} +\item \textit{Unique IP addresses:} The numbers in \verb+dirreq-v3-ips+ +denote the unique IP addresses of clients requesting network statuses by +country. +\item \textit{Network status requests:} The numbers in +\verb+dirreq-v3-reqs+ constitute the total network status requests by +country. +\item \textit{Request share:} The percentage in \verb+dirreq-v3-share+ is +an estimate of the share of directory requests that the reporting relay +expects to see in the Tor network. +In \cite{hahn2010privacy} we found that this estimate isn't very useful +for statistical analysis because of the different approaches that clients +take to select directory mirrors. +The fraction of written directory bytes (\verb+dirreq-write-history+) can +be used to derive a better metric for the share of directory requests. +\item \textit{Network status responses:} The directories also report +whether they could provide the requested network status to clients in +\verb+dirreq-v3-resp+. +This information was mostly used to diagnose error rates in version 2 of +the directory protocol where a lot of directories replied to network +status requests with \verb+503 Busy+. +In version 3 of the directory protocol, most responses contain the status +code \verb+200 OK+. +\item \textit{Network status download times:} The line +\verb+dirreq-v3-direct-dl+ contains statistics on the download of network +statuses via the relay's directory port. +The line \verb+dirreq-v3-tunneled-dl+ contains similar statistics on +downloads via a 1-hop circuit between client and directory (which is the +common approach in version 3 of the directory protocol). +Relays report how many requests have been completed, have timed out, and +are still running at the end of a 24-hour time interval as well as the +minimum, maximum, median, quartiles, and deciles of download times. +\end{itemize} +More details about these statistics can be found in the directory protocol +specification~\cite{dirspec}. + +\section{Connecting clients} + +Relays can be configured to report per-country statistics on directly +connecting clients. +This metric includes clients connecting to a relay in order to build +circuits and clients creating a 1-hop circuit to request directory +information. +In practice, the latter number outweighs the former number. +The \verb+entry-ips+ line in Figure~\ref{fig:extrainfo} shows the number +of unique IP addresses connecting to the relay by country. +More details about these statistics can be found in the directory protocol +specification~\cite{dirspec}. + +\section{Bridge users} + +Bridges report statistics on connecting bridge clients in their extra-info +descriptors. +Figure~\ref{fig:bridgeextrainfo} shows a bridge extra-info descriptor +with the bridge user statistics in the \verb+bridge-ips+ line. + +\begin{figure} +\begin{verbatim} +extra-info Unnamed A5FA7F38B02A415E72FE614C64A1E5A92BA99BBD +published 2010-12-27 18:55:01 +write-history 2010-12-27 18:43:50 (900 s) 151712768,176698368, + 180030464,163150848,[...] +read-history 2010-12-27 18:43:50 (900 s) 148109312,172274688, + 172168192,161094656,[...] +bridge-stats-end 2010-12-27 14:56:29 (86400 s) +bridge-ips sa=48,us=40,de=32,ir=32,[...] +\end{verbatim} +\vspace{-1em} +\caption{Sanitized bridge extra-info descriptor} +%---------------------------------------------------------------- +\label{fig:bridgeextrainfo} +\end{figure} + +Bridges running Tor version 0.2.2.3-alpha or earlier report bridge users +in a similar line starting with \verb+geoip-client-origins+. +The reason for switching to \verb+bridge-ips+ was that the measurement +interval in \verb+geoip-client-origins+ had a variable length, whereas the +measurement interval in 0.2.2.4-alpha and later is set to exactly +24~hours. +In order to clearly distinguish the new measurement intervals from the old +ones, the new keywords have been introduced. +More details about these statistics can be found in the directory protocol +specification~\cite{dirspec}. + +\section{Cell-queue statistics} + +Relays can be configured to report aggregate statistics on their cell +queues. +These statistics include average processed cells, average number of queued +cells, and average time that cells spend in circuits. +Circuits are split into deciles based on the number of processed cells. +The statistics are provided for circuit deciles from loudest to quietest +circuits. +Figure~\ref{fig:cellstats} shows the cell statistics contained in an +extra-info descriptor by relay \texttt{gabelmoo}. +An early analysis of cell-queue statistics can be found in +\cite{loesing2009analysis}. +More details about these statistics can be found in the directory protocol +specification~\cite{dirspec}. + +\begin{figure} +\begin{verbatim} +cell-stats-end 2010-12-27 09:59:50 (86400 s) +cell-processed-cells 4563,153,42,15,7,7,6,5,4,2 +cell-queued-cells 9.39,0.98,0.09,0.01,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.01,0.00, + 0.01 +cell-time-in-queue 2248,807,277,92,49,22,52,55,81,148 +cell-circuits-per-decile 7233 +\end{verbatim} +%---------------------------------------------------------------- +\vspace{-1em} +\caption{Cell statistics in extra-info descriptor by relay +\texttt{gabelmoo}} +\label{fig:cellstats} +\end{figure} + +\section{Exit-port statistics} + +Exit relays running Tor version 0.2.1.1-alpha or higher can be configured +to report aggregate statistics on exiting connections. +These relays report the number of opened streams, written and read bytes +by exiting port. +Until version 0.2.2.19-alpha, relays reported all ports exceeding a +threshold of 0.01~\% of all written and read exit bytes. +Starting with version 0.2.2.20-alpha, relays only report the top 10 ports +in exit-port statistics in order not to exceed the maximum extra-info +descriptor length of 50 KB. +Figure~\ref{fig:extrainfo} on page \pageref{fig:extrainfo} contains +exit-port statistics in the lines starting with \verb+exit-+. +More details about these statistics can be found in the directory protocol +specification~\cite{dirspec}. + +\section{Bidirectional connection use} +\label{sec:bidistats} + +Relays running Tor version 0.2.3.1-alpha or higher can be configured to +report what fraction of connections is used uni- or bi-directionally. +Every 10 seconds, relays determine for every connection whether they read +and wrote less than a threshold of 20 KiB. +Connections below this threshold are labeled as ``Below Threshold''. +For the remaining connections, relays report whether they read/wrote at +least 10 times as many bytes as they wrote/read. +If so, they classify a connection as ``Mostly reading'' or ``Mostly +writing,'' respectively. +All other connections are classified as ``Both reading and writing.'' +After classifying connections, read and write counters are reset for the +next 10-second interval. +Statistics are aggregated over 24 hours. +Figure~\ref{fig:connbidirect} shows the bidirectional connection use +statistics in an extra-info descriptor by relay \texttt{zweifaltigkeit}. +The four numbers denote the number of connections ``Below threshold,'' +``Mostly reading,'' ``Mostly writing,'' and ``Both reading and writing.'' +More details about these statistics can be found in the directory protocol +specification~\cite{dirspec}. + +\begin{figure} +\begin{verbatim} +conn-bi-direct 2010-12-28 15:55:11 (86400 s) 387465,45285,55361, + 81786 +\end{verbatim} +%---------------------------------------------------------------- +\vspace{-1em} +\caption{Bidirectional connection use statistic in extra-info descriptor +by relay \texttt{zweifaltigkeit}} +\label{fig:connbidirect} +\end{figure} + +\section{Torperf output files} +\label{sec:torperf} + +Torperf is a little tool that measures Tor's performance as users +experience it. +Torperf uses a trivial SOCKS client to download files of various sizes +over the Tor network and notes how long substeps take. +Torperf can be downloaded from the metrics +website.\footnote{\texttt{https://metrics.torproject.org/tools.html}} + +Torperf can produce two output files: \verb+.data+ and \verb+.extradata+. +The \verb+.data+ file contains timestamps for nine substeps and the byte +summaries for downloading a test file via Tor. +Figure~\ref{fig:torperf} shows an example output of a Torperf run. +The timestamps in the upper part of this output are seconds and +nanoseconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000. + +Torperf can be configured to write \verb+.extradata+ files by attaching +a Tor controller and writing certain controller events to disk. +The content of a \verb+.extradata+ line is shown in the lower part of +Figure~\ref{fig:torperf}. +The first column indicates if this circuit was actually used to fetch +the data (\verb+ok+) or if Tor chose a different circuit because this +circuit was problematic (\verb+error+). +For every \verb+error+ entry there should be a following \verb+ok+ entry, +unless the network of the Torperf instance is dead or the resource is +unavailable. +The circuit build completion time in the \verb+.extradata+ line is the +time between Torperf sent a SOCKS request and received a SOCKS response in +the \verb+.data+ file. +The three or more hops of the circuit are listed by relay fingerprint and +nickname. +An \verb+=+ sign between the two means that a relay has the \texttt{Named} +flag, whereas the \verb+~+ sign means it doesn't. + +\begin{figure} +\begin{verbatim} +# Timestamps and byte summaries contained in .data files: +1293543301 762678 # Connection process started +1293543301 762704 # After socket is created +1293543301 763074 # After socket is connected +1293543301 763190 # After authentication methods are negotiated + # (SOCKS 5 only) +1293543301 763816 # After SOCKS request is sent +1293543302 901783 # After SOCKS response is received +1293543302 901818 # After HTTP request is written +1293543304 445732 # After first response is received +1293543305 456664 # After payload is complete +75 # Written bytes +51442 # Read bytes + +# Path information contained in .extradata files: +ok # Status code +1293543302 # Circuit build completion time +$2F265B37920BDFE474BF795739978EEFA4427510=fejk4 # 1st hop +$66CA87E164F1CFCE8C3BB5C095217A28578B8BAF=blutmagie3 # 2nd hop +$76997E6557828E8E57F70FDFBD93FB3AA470C620~Amunet8 # 3rd hop +\end{verbatim} +%---------------------------------------------------------------- +\vspace{-1em} +\caption{Torperf output lines for a single request to download a 50~KiB +file (reformatted and annotated with comments)} +\label{fig:torperf} +\end{figure} + +\section{GetTor statistics file} + +GetTor allows users to fetch the Tor software via email. +GetTor keeps internal statistics on the number of packages requested +every day and writes these statistics to a file. +Figure~\ref{fig:gettor} shows the statistics file for December 27, 2010. +The \verb+None+ entry stands for requests that don't ask for a specific +bundle, e.g.\ requests for the bundle list. + +\begin{figure} +\begin{verbatim} +2010-12-27 - None:167 macosx-i386-bundle:0 macosx-ppc-bundle:0 + source-bundle:2 tor-browser-bundle:0 tor-browser-bundle_ar:0 + tor-browser-bundle_de:0 tor-browser-bundle_en:39 + tor-browser-bundle_es:0 tor-browser-bundle_fa:5 + tor-browser-bundle_fr:0 tor-browser-bundle_it:0 + tor-browser-bundle_nl:0 tor-browser-bundle_pl:0 + tor-browser-bundle_pt:0 tor-browser-bundle_ru:0 + tor-browser-bundle_zh_CN:77 tor-im-browser-bundle:0 + tor-im-browser-bundle_ar:0 tor-im-browser-bundle_de:0 + tor-im-browser-bundle_en:1 tor-im-browser-bundle_es:0 + tor-im-browser-bundle_fa:0 tor-im-browser-bundle_fr:0 + tor-im-browser-bundle_it:0 tor-im-browser-bundle_nl:0 + tor-im-browser-bundle_pl:0 tor-im-browser-bundle_pt:0 + tor-im-browser-bundle_ru:0 tor-im-browser-bundle_zh_CN:0 +\end{verbatim} +%---------------------------------------------------------------- +\vspace{-1em} +\caption{GetTor statistics file for December 27, 2010} +\label{fig:gettor} +\end{figure} + +\section{Tor Check exit lists} +\label{sec:exitlist} + +TorDNSEL is an implementation of the active testing, DNS-based exit list +for Tor exit +nodes.\footnote{\texttt{https://www.torproject.org/tordnsel/dist/}} +Tor Check makes the list of known exits and corresponding exit IP +addresses available in a specific format. +Figure~\ref{fig:exitlist} shows an entry of the exit list written on +December 28, 2010 at 15:21:44 UTC. +This entry means that the relay with fingerprint \verb+63Ba..+ which +published a descriptor at 07:35:55 and was contained in a version 2 +network status from 08:10:11 uses two different IP addresses for exiting. +The first address \verb+91.102.152.236+ was found in a test performed at +07:10:30. +When looking at the corresponding server descriptor, one finds that this +is also the IP address on which the relay accepts connections from inside +the Tor network. +A second test performed at 10:35:30 reveals that the relay also uses IP +address \verb+91.102.152.227+ for exiting. + +\begin{figure} +\begin{verbatim} +ExitNode 63BA28370F543D175173E414D5450590D73E22DC +Published 2010-12-28 07:35:55 +LastStatus 2010-12-28 08:10:11 +ExitAddress 91.102.152.236 2010-12-28 07:10:30 +ExitAddress 91.102.152.227 2010-12-28 10:35:30 +\end{verbatim} +\vspace{-1em} +\caption{Exit list entry written on December 28, 2010 at 15:21:44 UTC} +\label{fig:exitlist} +\end{figure} + +\bibliography{data} +\bibliographystyle{plain} + +\end{document} +

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