# [tor-dev] prob_distr.c: LogLogistic fails stochastic tests on 32-bits mingw

Taylor R Campbell campbell+tor-dev at mumble.net
Thu Dec 13 03:25:30 UTC 2018

> Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2018 17:47:05 +0200
> From: George Kadianakis <desnacked at riseup.net>
>
> I followed your suggestion and turned the tests into deterministic by
> sampling from a deterministic randomness source. I verified that all the
> crypto_rand() call outputs are now the same between the 32-bit mingw
> build and the 64-bit gcc one: [...]

Although it is worthwhile to separate (a) a nondeterministic entropy
source from (b) a deterministic PRNG with seeds you can save to get
reproducible results...it turns out all that was a red herring, and
the culprit was an incautious linear interpolation I had written in
the binning for stochastic tests.  Fortunately the problematic code is
limited to the tests and does not run in the tor daemon!

Lerping -- computing t |---> a + (b - a)*t = (1 - t)*a + t*b -- is
deceptive in its apparent simplicity, and it just happened that no
trouble arose in binary64 arithmetic, which is what you get on just
about every machine on the planet _except_ 32-bit x86 in binary80 mode
-- which mingw32 uses.  (And the m68k floating-point coprocessor, but
one doesn't see those much these days.)  Fortunately you don't have to
use Windows to run tests -- gcc -m32' on an amd64 system should do
just as well, and you can make sure you're in binary80 mode with

uint32_t cwsave, cw = 0x037f;
asm volatile("fnstcw %0; fldcw %1" : "=m"(cwsave) : "m"(cw));
...
asm volatile("fldcw %0" : : "m"(cwsave));

(On NetBSD, this is spelled fp_prec_t p = fpsetprec(FP_PE); ...;
fpsetprec(p)', but I'm not sure anyone else has adopted that.)

Binary80 arithmetic tickled a problem in the lerp used for binning --
a problem which I took some pains to avoid in sample_uniform_interval
(see the long theorem in the comments there).  By binning' I mean
dividing the support of each distribution into histogram bins,
starting at the 1st percentile and ending at the 99th percentile, and
uniformly spaced in the support with a linear interpolation to pick
the bin boundaries.

We then use the CDF or SF to compute the probability a sample falls
into each bin, count a lot of samples, and use a psi test to assess
whether the sample counts are close enough to the expected counts.
(There's nothing magic about uniform spacing; I just pulled it out of
my arse, and it helped me catch bugs.)

When beta is small, the log-logistic distribution has a very fat tail,
so the 1st percentile and the 99th percentile are very far away (e.g.,
for alpha=e and beta=1/10, the 1st percentile is ~2.5e-20 and the 99th
percentile is ~3e+20).  The naive lerp I had written in bin_cdfs to
compute an equispaced partition between these two points overshot in
this case in binary80 arithmetic, which led to an intermediate NaN
computation, which made the test fail 100% of the time.

The attached patch uses a slightly less naive lerp.  It's not
necessarily monotonic but that doesn't really matter here since we're
only examining 100 histogram bins -- overcounting by the width of one
or two consecutive floating-point numbers is essentially
inconsequential at this scale for these tests.
-------------- next part --------------
>From 1338258a0d6a76bbe30bf03b90acff4559c24120 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Taylor R Campbell <campbell+tor at mumble.net>
Date: Thu, 13 Dec 2018 02:46:27 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] Use a lerp that never overshoots when determining bin
boundaries.

In binary80 arithmetic, the bins for the log-logistic distribution,
which has a very fat tail, were computed with a value that overshot
the bounds, leading to a NaN intermediate.

One defensive way to avoid this would be to change the cdf_* and sf_*
functions for distributions of bounded support -- like log-logistic,
which is supported only on (0, +\infty) -- to return -/+inf for
points outside the bounds.  But for testing purposes it might be
better not to work defensively like that because it might mask
upstream problems.
---
src/test/test_prob_distr.c | 4 ++--
1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/test/test_prob_distr.c b/src/test/test_prob_distr.c
index 002497e08..16919e0f4 100644
--- a/src/test/test_prob_distr.c
+++ b/src/test/test_prob_distr.c
@@ -1002,14 +1002,14 @@ bin_cdfs(const struct dist *dist, double lo, double hi, double *logP, size_t n)
logP[0] = log(CDF(x_1) - 0); /* 0 = CDF(-inf) */
for (i = 1; i < n2; i++) {
x_0 = x_1;
-    x_1 = lo + i*w;
+    x_1 = (i <= n/2 ? lo + i*w : hi - (n - 2 - i)*w);
logP[i] = log(CDF(x_1) - CDF(x_0));
}
x_0 = hi;
logP[n - 1] = log(SF(x_0) - 0); /* 0 = SF(+inf) = 1 - CDF(+inf) */
for (i = 1; i < n - n2; i++) {
x_1 = x_0;
-    x_0 = hi - i*w;
+    x_0 = (i <= n/2 ? hi - i*w : lo + (n - 2 - i)*w);
logP[n - i - 1] = log(SF(x_0) - SF(x_1));
}
#undef SF
--
2.19.1

`