[tor-commits] [tor-browser-spec/master] Add W3C-DNT position paper.
mikeperry at torproject.org
mikeperry at torproject.org
Mon May 4 18:32:55 UTC 2015
commit 923f8ea6e998dcee122c602a0ead4a191fde22bd
Author: Mike Perry <mikeperry-git at torproject.org>
Date: Thu Apr 30 14:57:41 2015 -0700
Add W3C-DNT position paper.
---
position-papers/W3C-DNT/W3C-DNT.bbl | 60 ++
position-papers/W3C-DNT/W3C-DNT.pdf | Bin 0 -> 72097 bytes
position-papers/W3C-DNT/W3C-DNT.tex | 325 +++++++
position-papers/W3C-DNT/llncs.cls | 1016 ++++++++++++++++++++
.../W3C-DNT/slides/W3CDNT-Tor-slides.odp | Bin 0 -> 79019 bytes
position-papers/W3C-DNT/usenix.sty | 97 ++
6 files changed, 1498 insertions(+)
diff --git a/position-papers/W3C-DNT/W3C-DNT.bbl b/position-papers/W3C-DNT/W3C-DNT.bbl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..feb7b6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/position-papers/W3C-DNT/W3C-DNT.bbl
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+\begin{thebibliography}{10}
+
+\bibitem{web-send}
+Tyler Close, Rajiv Makhijani, Mark Seaborn, Kenton Varda, Johan Apelqvist,
+ Claes Nilsson, and Mike Hanson.
+\newblock {Web Introducer}.
+\newblock \url{http://web-send.org/introducer/}.
+
+\bibitem{target}
+Charles Duhigg.
+\newblock {How Companies Learn Your Secrets}.
+\newblock
+ \url{https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/magazine/shopping-habits.html?pagewa%
+nted=9}.
+
+\bibitem{panopticlick}
+Peter Eckersley.
+\newblock How unique is your web browser?
+\newblock In {\em Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Privacy
+ enhancing technologies}, PETS'10, pages 1--18, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010.
+ Springer-Verlag.
+
+\bibitem{DNT-adoption}
+Alex Fowler.
+\newblock {Mozilla Led Effort for DNT Finds Broad Support}.
+\newblock
+ \url{https://blog.mozilla.org/privacy/2012/02/23/mozilla-led-effort-for-dnt-%
+finds-broad-support/}.
+
+\bibitem{safecache}
+Collin Jackson and Dan Boneh.
+\newblock Protecting browser state from web privacy attacks.
+\newblock In {\em In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web
+ Conference}, pages 737--744, 2006.
+
+\bibitem{DNT-draft}
+J.~Mayer, A.~Narayanan, and S.~Stamm.
+\newblock {Do Not Track: A Universal Third-Party Web Tracking Opt Out}.
+\newblock \url{https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-mayer-do-not-track-00}.
+
+\bibitem{fourthparty}
+Jonathan~R. Mayer and John~C. Mitchell.
+\newblock {Third-Party Web Tracking: Policy and Technology}.
+\newblock \url{https://www.stanford.edu/~jmayer/papers/trackingsurvey12.pdf}.
+
+\bibitem{Persona}
+Mozilla~Developer Network.
+\newblock {Persona}.
+\newblock \url{https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/persona}.
+
+\bibitem{torbrowser}
+Mike Perry.
+\newblock {The Design and Implementation of the Tor Browser}.
+\newblock \url{https://www.torproject.org/projects/torbrowser/design/}.
+
+\bibitem{thirdparty}
+Dan Witte.
+\newblock \url{https://wiki.mozilla.org/Thirdparty}.
+
+\end{thebibliography}
diff --git a/position-papers/W3C-DNT/W3C-DNT.pdf b/position-papers/W3C-DNT/W3C-DNT.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..424f956
Binary files /dev/null and b/position-papers/W3C-DNT/W3C-DNT.pdf differ
diff --git a/position-papers/W3C-DNT/W3C-DNT.tex b/position-papers/W3C-DNT/W3C-DNT.tex
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@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+%\documentclass{llncs}
+\documentclass[letterpaper,11pt]{llncs}
+%\documentclass{article} % llncs
+
+\usepackage{usenix}
+\usepackage{url}
+\usepackage{amsmath}
+\usepackage{epsfig}
+\usepackage{epsf}
+\usepackage{listings}
+
+%\setlength{\textwidth}{6in}
+%\setlength{\textheight}{8.4in}
+%\setlength{\topmargin}{.5cm}
+%\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{1cm}
+%\setlength{\evensidemargin}{1cm}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\title{Do Not Beg:\\Moving Beyond DNT through Privacy by Design}
+
+\author{Mike Perry \\ The Tor Project, Inc \\ mikeperry at torproject.org}
+
+%\institute{The Internet}
+
+\maketitle
+\pagestyle{plain}
+
+\begin{abstract}
+
+The Do Not Track header (henceforth DNT:1) seeks to provide privacy
+protections against third party tracking through user request and regulation.
+It is our position that while DNT:1 is potentially useful as a purely
+informational tool for browser vendors and service providers, enforcement of
+the header suffers from a number of issues including covert circumvention,
+enforcement jurisdiction, manipulation, regulatory capture, and abuse. Moreover,
+every privacy property that DNT:1 aims to provide through regulatory
+enforcement can be better provided through technical changes to browser and
+network behavior during private browsing modes. We therefore suggest that the
+W3C standards body focus on standardizing these technical measures, rather
+than attempting to broker negotiations over regulatory policy and law.
+
+\end{abstract}
+
+% XXX: Bonus References
+% Playing dumb:
+% http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2012/02/16/how-target-figured-out-a-teen-girl-was-pregnant-before-her-father-did/
+% https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/magazine/shopping-habits.html?pagewanted=9
+% https://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-mayer-do-not-track-00.txt
+% DNT Adoption:
+% http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2152135
+% Apache vs MS shit
+%
+
+\section{Introduction}
+
+% XXX: Describe our organization? The Tor Project, Inc is a non-profit...
+
+In this position paper, we describe the current and potential issues with
+DNT:1 and associated regulation, and also describe our prototype browser
+implementation\cite{torbrowser} that aims to provide the same third party tracking resistance
+properties as DNT:1, but without relying on costly regulation and auditing.
+
+We also believe that third party privacy can become a competitive feature for
+browser vendors, Internet service providers, and privacy preserving overlay
+networks.
+
+\section{Overview of DNT:1}
+
+The Do Not Track header seeks to provide users with a uniform mechanism to
+opt-out of third party tracking. Third party content elements are supposed to
+honor the header by declining to set cookies and record user activity on their
+servers. The draft standard\cite{DNT-draft} states that first party sites do
+not need to alter behavior with respect to the header. It also states a number
+of exceptions where third parties may still choose to retain and analyze data.
+
+\subsection{Benefits of DNT:1}
+
+The primary benefit of the Do Not Track header is that it provides a strong
+signal to browser vendors and websites with respect to their users'
+interest in privacy. Within a few months of the header's appearance, 7\% of
+desktop and 18\% of mobile Firefox users dug through the Firefox privacy
+settings to enable it.\cite{DNT-adoption}
+
+However, despite the value of sizing the market segment for frictionless
+privacy enhancing web technologies, it is very likely that DNT:1 will become a
+total disaster once the transition to regulatory enforcement draws near.
+
+\subsection{Shortcomings and Dangers of DNT:1}
+
+The primary shortcoming of DNT:1 is that it in no way alters the behavior of
+numerous browser technologies that enable and facilitate third party tracking,
+and instead relies entirely on ad-hoc auditing and potentially even regulatory
+enforcement.
+
+Should strict auditing and direct regulatory requirements be enforced in some
+jurisdictions, it is very likely that at least some portion of the advertising
+industry would relocate to more favorable jurisdictions. In fact, they would
+be incentivized to do so, since it would allow them to offer advertising
+services at more favorable rates than their competitors who do not.
+
+Similarly, it introduces serious risks of regulatory capture, especially in
+jurisdictions where advertising is able to wield considerable political
+influence over the selection of elected officials.
+
+To answer these concerns, some DNT:1 advocates claim they favor "Carrot and
+Stick" incentive schemes that do not involve direct regulation, but instead
+will rely on web crawls to determine suspicious third party
+activity\cite{fourthparty}. Their claim is that violators can be added to an
+always-on adblocker filter, and good actors could even be given immunity from
+data breach notification requirements and related privacy regulations.
+
+However, without changes to the underlying browser technologies, there are
+simply too many ways for advertisers to covertly encode identifying
+information in third party elements. Even seemingly innocuous changes such as
+minor Javascript and CSS alterations across multiple elements can be used to
+encode covert identifiers that are stored in the browser cache for use as
+third party tracking cookies. This doesn't even begin to scratch the surface
+of covert third party identifier storage and supercookie vectors, let alone IP
+address and fingerprinting-based vectors, all of which we will discuss in more
+detail in later sections.
+
+Further, behavioral targeting can be made very subtle, and difficult to
+distinguish from random chance. For example, Target has begun taking great
+pains to obscure behavioral targeting in its catalogs, to avoid alienating
+customers. Their targeted advertisements are still present, but they are
+merely blended with off-target messaging to provide a false sense of security
+and privacy\cite{target}. It is extremely likely that such techniques will be
+employed by bad actors in the third party advertising world as well.
+
+Further still, because of the various exemptions allowed in the DNT:1
+standard, it is hard for users to know when the header is being honored, and
+if their activity is still being recorded, exchanged, and sold.
+
+\subsection{Hidden Costs of DNT:1}
+
+We believe that DNT:1 has seen such favorable adoption by browser vendors
+because of the ease of deployment for them. Adding a single HTTP header is
+substantially simpler than devoting research and development resources into
+addressing the network adversary in private browsing modes.
+
+However, DNT:1 merely shifts the costs of privacy development and enforcement
+off of the browser vendors and onto every other party involved in the Internet
+economy, as well as onto new parties who were previously not involved (such as
+auditors, vigilantes, and governmental regulators).
+
+Further, DNT:1 demands that standards organizations such as the W3C shift
+gears away from producing and reviewing technical standards to instead
+broker policy deals between regulators, legislators, and industry.
+
+% XXX: Possibly too adversarial:
+We believe that standards bodies and regulatory agencies shouldn't be wasting
+resources asking themselves how, when, and why advertisers don't obey DNT:1.
+Instead, they should be asking themselves why browser vendors whose revenue
+streams are often directly related to advertising markets continue to deploy
+technologies that facilitate and encourage covert third party tracking with no
+technical alternatives, even when their users enable their so-called "private
+browsing modes".
+
+\section{Do Not Track through Privacy By Design}
+
+Remarkably, the very same third party tracking resistance properties suggested
+by the DNT:1 draft standard are possible through a combination of browser and
+network behaviors.
+
+All of these properties flow from a very simple core idea: two different first
+party domains should not be able to link or correlate activity by the same
+user, except with that user's explicit consent.
+
+Initially, consent can be interpreted as link-click navigation. However, as
+federated login technologies such as web-send\cite{web-send} and
+Persona\cite{Persona} (formerly BrowserID) evolve, link-click based tracking
+vectors (such as the Referrer header) can be reduced to the point where they
+are easily visible to experts.
+
+To understand the scope of the changes to the browser and network service
+providers to provide third party tracking resistance, we need to break down
+the problem into roughly four main areas of linkability and privacy:
+identifier sources, fingerprinting sources, disk activity, and IP address
+utilization.
+
+\subsection{Browser Behavior: Identifier Sources}
+
+Obviously, the primary vector through which third party tracking operates is
+the third party cookie.
+
+Mozilla has a wonderful example of a first party isolation improvement written
+by Dan Witte and buried on their wiki\cite{thirdparty}. It describes a new
+dual-keyed origin for cookies, so that cookies would only be transmitted if
+they matched both the top level origin and the third party origin involved in
+their creation. Thus, third party features could still function, if the user
+authenticated to that third party within the context of their first party url
+bar domain (perhaps using Mozilla's Persona, for example).
+
+With respect to cache identifiers, the earliest relevant example of isolation
+work is SafeCache\cite{safecache}. SafeCache eliminates the ability for 3rd
+party content elements to use the cache to store identifiers across first
+party domains. It does this by limiting the scope of the cache to the origin
+in the url bar origin. This has the effect that commonly sourced content
+elements are fetched and cached repeatedly, but this is the desired property.
+Each of these prevalent content elements can be crafted to include unique
+identifiers for each user, in order to track users who attempt to avoid
+tracking by clearing cookies.
+
+Other identifier storage mechanisms that require such isolation include
+HTTP Auth, window.name, DOM Storage, IndexedDB, SPDY, HTTP-Keepalive, and
+cross-domain automated redirects. In Tor Browser\cite{torbrowser}, we either
+disable or isolate these technologies.
+
+Properly isolating browser identifiers to the first party domain also has
+other advantages as well. With a clear distinction between 3rd party and first
+party cookies, the privacy settings window could have a user-intuitive way of
+representing the user's relationship with different origins, perhaps by using
+only the favicon of that top level origin to represent all of the browser
+state accumulated by that origin. The user could delete the entire set of
+browser state (cookies, cache, storage, cryptographic tokens, and even
+history) associated with a site simply by removing its favicon from their
+privacy info panel.
+
+\subsection{Browser Behavior: Fingerprinting Sources}
+
+After identifier isolation, the next source for covert tracking is through
+browser fingerprinting. Advertising networks can probe various browser
+properties known to differ widely in the userbase, thus constructing an
+identifier-free mechanism of tracking users.
+
+Unfortunately, just about every browser property and functionality is a
+potential fingerprinting target. In order to properly address the network
+adversary on a technical level, we need a metric to measure linkability of the
+various browser properties that extend beyond any stored origin-related state.
+
+The Panopticlick project by the EFF provides us with this
+metric\cite{panopticlick}. The researchers conducted a survey of volunteers
+who were asked to visit an experiment page that harvested many of the above
+components. They then computed the Shannon Entropy of the resulting
+distribution of each of several key attributes to determine how many bits of
+identifying information each attribute provided.
+
+While not perfect\footnotemark, this metric allows us to prioritize effort at
+components that have the most potential for linkability.
+
+\footnotetext{In particular, we believe it is impossible to eliminate
+inter-browser fingerprinting vectors. Instead, fingerprinting metrics and
+defenses should focus on distinguishing features amongst a population with the
+same user agent. The Panopticlick test is not currently set up to do this.}
+
+This metric also indicates that it is beneficial for us to standardize on
+implementations of fingerprinting resistance where possible. More
+implementations using the same defenses means more users with similar
+fingerprints, which means less entropy in the metric. It is for this reason
+(among others) that the Tor Project seeks to share its Firefox-based browser
+implementation\cite{torbrowser} with any interested parties.
+
+The fingerprinting defenses deployed by the Tor Browser include reporting the
+desktop resolution as the content window size, reporting a fixed set of of
+system colors, disabling plugins by default, limiting the number of fonts a
+document is allowed to load, and disallowing read access to the HTML5 canvas
+without permission.
+
+The DNT:1 header itself is also fingerprinting vector for bad actors if we
+allow our users to set it, and the related scandal between Microsoft and
+Apache will likely cause us to entirely remove the DNT:1 option from Tor
+Browser's privacy preferences as a result.
+
+\subsection{Browser Behavior: Disk Activity}
+
+In addition to protecting against the network adversary, we believe that
+private browsing modes should not force the user to go without disk access. The
+two defenses are orthogonal, and private browsing mode users should still be
+allowed to store history, bookmarks, and even cookies and cache if they so
+choose.
+
+Interestingly, a unified toplevel privacy UI could provide easy access to
+quickly clear all of these disk records on a per-site basis, using the same UI
+window for both tracking privacy and local disk storage.
+
+\subsection{Network Behavior: IP address utilization}
+
+Currently, there are many ways users can obtain a fresh IP address in an
+ad-hoc fashion. Users can use open wireless networks or tether to their
+phones. In fact, it is common practice for ISPs in many parts of the world to
+rotate user IP addresses daily, to discourage servers and to impede the spread
+of malware. This is especially true of cellular IP networks.
+
+Obviously, only technically savvy users are likely to take full advantage of
+these properties correctly. However, there is no reason why an IP address
+allocation approach can't be generalized and standardized. One could imagine
+any privacy proxy (perhaps even one provided by your primary ISP) that
+intelligently isolates your first party page loads, along with all of their
+associated third party content, to a given IP address. By standardizing such a
+mechanism, privacy preserving networks can compete on network properties such
+as privacy or performance, rather than some combination of network and user
+agent.
+
+The mechanism Tor has chosen to convey this information to the overlay network
+is the SOCKS username and password fields. Our plan is for the Tor Browser to
+inform the Tor client which network requests correspond to a given first party
+URL bar domain. The Tor client will then ensure that all first party loads use
+a different path through the Tor overlay network.
+
+In fact, the Tor Project has concluded that it is in the best interests of the
+organization to share user agent development and standardization with other
+privacy preserving networks, both to reduce our development efforts, and to
+lead to a wider browser fingerprint population for our userbase. The German
+privacy company JonDos, GmbH has already joined this effort.
+
+\section{Conclusions}
+
+We discussed the Do Not Track header, the privacy properties it seeks to
+provide, and its shortcomings. We believe it is possible to provide these very
+same privacy properties through privacy by design.
+
+While the DNT:1 header appears to be a simple change on the browser side, it
+has numerous hidden costs in terms of regulators, auditors, and server-side
+changes, in addition to serious regulatory challenges. We believe that it will
+actually be less costly in total to make the equivalent changes to the
+browser, and these changes will have the advantage of supporting markets for
+privacy proxies and related privacy enhancing technologies.
+
+\bibliographystyle{plain} \bibliography{W3C-DNT}
+
+\clearpage
+\appendix
+
+\end{document}
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+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Gamma}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"00}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Delta}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"01}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Theta}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"02}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Lambda}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"03}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Xi}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"04}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Pi}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"05}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Sigma}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"06}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Upsilon}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"07}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Phi}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"08}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Psi}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"09}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Omega}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"0A}
+
+\let\footnotesize\small
+
+\if at custvec
+\def\vec#1{\mathchoice{\mbox{\boldmath$\displaystyle#1$}}
+{\mbox{\boldmath$\textstyle#1$}}
+{\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptstyle#1$}}
+{\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptscriptstyle#1$}}}
+\fi
+
+\def\squareforqed{\hbox{\rlap{$\sqcap$}$\sqcup$}}
+\def\qed{\ifmmode\squareforqed\else{\unskip\nobreak\hfil
+\penalty50\hskip1em\null\nobreak\hfil\squareforqed
+\parfillskip=0pt\finalhyphendemerits=0\endgraf}\fi}
+
+\def\getsto{\mathrel{\mathchoice {\vcenter{\offinterlineskip
+\halign{\hfil
+$\displaystyle##$\hfil\cr\gets\cr\to\cr}}}
+{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\textstyle##$\hfil\cr\gets
+\cr\to\cr}}}
+{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\scriptstyle##$\hfil\cr\gets
+\cr\to\cr}}}
+{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\scriptscriptstyle##$\hfil\cr
+\gets\cr\to\cr}}}}}
+\def\lid{\mathrel{\mathchoice {\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil
+$\displaystyle##$\hfil\cr<\cr\noalign{\vskip1.2pt}=\cr}}}
+{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\textstyle##$\hfil\cr<\cr
+\noalign{\vskip1.2pt}=\cr}}}
+{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\scriptstyle##$\hfil\cr<\cr
+\noalign{\vskip1pt}=\cr}}}
+{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\scriptscriptstyle##$\hfil\cr
+<\cr
+\noalign{\vskip0.9pt}=\cr}}}}}
+\def\gid{\mathrel{\mathchoice {\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil
+$\displaystyle##$\hfil\cr>\cr\noalign{\vskip1.2pt}=\cr}}}
+{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\textstyle##$\hfil\cr>\cr
+\noalign{\vskip1.2pt}=\cr}}}
+{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\scriptstyle##$\hfil\cr>\cr
+\noalign{\vskip1pt}=\cr}}}
+{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\scriptscriptstyle##$\hfil\cr
+>\cr
+\noalign{\vskip0.9pt}=\cr}}}}}
+\def\grole{\mathrel{\mathchoice {\vcenter{\offinterlineskip
+\halign{\hfil
+$\displaystyle##$\hfil\cr>\cr\noalign{\vskip-1pt}<\cr}}}
+{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\textstyle##$\hfil\cr
+>\cr\noalign{\vskip-1pt}<\cr}}}
+{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\scriptstyle##$\hfil\cr
+>\cr\noalign{\vskip-0.8pt}<\cr}}}
+{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip\halign{\hfil$\scriptscriptstyle##$\hfil\cr
+>\cr\noalign{\vskip-0.3pt}<\cr}}}}}
+\def\bbbr{{\rm I\!R}} %reelle Zahlen
+\def\bbbm{{\rm I\!M}}
+\def\bbbn{{\rm I\!N}} %natuerliche Zahlen
+\def\bbbf{{\rm I\!F}}
+\def\bbbh{{\rm I\!H}}
+\def\bbbk{{\rm I\!K}}
+\def\bbbp{{\rm I\!P}}
+\def\bbbone{{\mathchoice {\rm 1\mskip-4mu l} {\rm 1\mskip-4mu l}
+{\rm 1\mskip-4.5mu l} {\rm 1\mskip-5mu l}}}
+\def\bbbc{{\mathchoice {\setbox0=\hbox{$\displaystyle\rm C$}\hbox{\hbox
+to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.9\ht0\hss}\box0}}
+{\setbox0=\hbox{$\textstyle\rm C$}\hbox{\hbox
+to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.9\ht0\hss}\box0}}
+{\setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptstyle\rm C$}\hbox{\hbox
+to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.9\ht0\hss}\box0}}
+{\setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\rm C$}\hbox{\hbox
+to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.9\ht0\hss}\box0}}}}
+\def\bbbq{{\mathchoice {\setbox0=\hbox{$\displaystyle\rm
+Q$}\hbox{\raise
+0.15\ht0\hbox to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.8\ht0\hss}\box0}}
+{\setbox0=\hbox{$\textstyle\rm Q$}\hbox{\raise
+0.15\ht0\hbox to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.8\ht0\hss}\box0}}
+{\setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptstyle\rm Q$}\hbox{\raise
+0.15\ht0\hbox to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.7\ht0\hss}\box0}}
+{\setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\rm Q$}\hbox{\raise
+0.15\ht0\hbox to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.7\ht0\hss}\box0}}}}
+\def\bbbt{{\mathchoice {\setbox0=\hbox{$\displaystyle\rm
+T$}\hbox{\hbox to0pt{\kern0.3\wd0\vrule height0.9\ht0\hss}\box0}}
+{\setbox0=\hbox{$\textstyle\rm T$}\hbox{\hbox
+to0pt{\kern0.3\wd0\vrule height0.9\ht0\hss}\box0}}
+{\setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptstyle\rm T$}\hbox{\hbox
+to0pt{\kern0.3\wd0\vrule height0.9\ht0\hss}\box0}}
+{\setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\rm T$}\hbox{\hbox
+to0pt{\kern0.3\wd0\vrule height0.9\ht0\hss}\box0}}}}
+\def\bbbs{{\mathchoice
+{\setbox0=\hbox{$\displaystyle \rm S$}\hbox{\raise0.5\ht0\hbox
+to0pt{\kern0.35\wd0\vrule height0.45\ht0\hss}\hbox
+to0pt{\kern0.55\wd0\vrule height0.5\ht0\hss}\box0}}
+{\setbox0=\hbox{$\textstyle \rm S$}\hbox{\raise0.5\ht0\hbox
+to0pt{\kern0.35\wd0\vrule height0.45\ht0\hss}\hbox
+to0pt{\kern0.55\wd0\vrule height0.5\ht0\hss}\box0}}
+{\setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptstyle \rm S$}\hbox{\raise0.5\ht0\hbox
+to0pt{\kern0.35\wd0\vrule height0.45\ht0\hss}\raise0.05\ht0\hbox
+to0pt{\kern0.5\wd0\vrule height0.45\ht0\hss}\box0}}
+{\setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\rm S$}\hbox{\raise0.5\ht0\hbox
+to0pt{\kern0.4\wd0\vrule height0.45\ht0\hss}\raise0.05\ht0\hbox
+to0pt{\kern0.55\wd0\vrule height0.45\ht0\hss}\box0}}}}
+\def\bbbz{{\mathchoice {\hbox{$\mathsf\textstyle Z\kern-0.4em Z$}}
+{\hbox{$\mathsf\textstyle Z\kern-0.4em Z$}}
+{\hbox{$\mathsf\scriptstyle Z\kern-0.3em Z$}}
+{\hbox{$\mathsf\scriptscriptstyle Z\kern-0.2em Z$}}}}
+
+\let\ts\,
+
+\setlength\leftmargini {17\p@}
+\setlength\leftmargin {\leftmargini}
+\setlength\leftmarginii {\leftmargini}
+\setlength\leftmarginiii {\leftmargini}
+\setlength\leftmarginiv {\leftmargini}
+\setlength \labelsep {.5em}
+\setlength \labelwidth{\leftmargini}
+\addtolength\labelwidth{-\labelsep}
+
+\def\@listI{\leftmargin\leftmargini
+ \parsep 0\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus\p@
+ \topsep 8\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@
+ \itemsep0\p@}
+\let\@listi\@listI
+\@listi
+\def\@listii {\leftmargin\leftmarginii
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginii
+ \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+ \topsep 0\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@}
+\def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginiii
+ \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+ \topsep 0\p@ \@plus\p@\@minus\p@
+ \parsep \z@
+ \partopsep \p@ \@plus\z@ \@minus\p@}
+
+\renewcommand\labelitemi{\normalfont\bfseries --}
+\renewcommand\labelitemii{$\m at th\bullet$}
+
+\setlength\arraycolsep{1.4\p@}
+\setlength\tabcolsep{1.4\p@}
+
+\def\tableofcontents{\chapter*{\contentsname\@mkboth{{\contentsname}}%
+ {{\contentsname}}}
+ \def\authcount##1{\setcounter{auco}{##1}\setcounter{@auth}{1}}
+ \def\lastand{\ifnum\value{auco}=2\relax
+ \unskip{} \andname\
+ \else
+ \unskip \lastandname\
+ \fi}%
+ \def\and{\stepcounter{@auth}\relax
+ \ifnum\value{@auth}=\value{auco}%
+ \lastand
+ \else
+ \unskip,
+ \fi}%
+ \@starttoc{toc}\if at restonecol\twocolumn\fi}
+
+\def\l at part#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty}%
+ \addvspace{2em plus\p@}% % space above part line
+ \begingroup
+ \parindent \z@
+ \rightskip \z@ plus 5em
+ \hrule\vskip5pt
+ \large % same size as for a contribution heading
+ \bfseries\boldmath % set line in boldface
+ \leavevmode % TeX command to enter horizontal mode.
+ #1\par
+ \vskip5pt
+ \hrule
+ \vskip1pt
+ \nobreak % Never break after part entry
+ \endgroup}
+
+\def\@dotsep{2}
+
+\def\hyperhrefextend{\ifx\hyper at anchor\@undefined\else
+{chapter.\thechapter}\fi}
+
+\def\addnumcontentsmark#1#2#3{%
+\addtocontents{#1}{\protect\contentsline{#2}{\protect\numberline
+ {\thechapter}#3}{\thepage}\hyperhrefextend}}
+\def\addcontentsmark#1#2#3{%
+\addtocontents{#1}{\protect\contentsline{#2}{#3}{\thepage}\hyperhrefextend}}
+\def\addcontentsmarkwop#1#2#3{%
+\addtocontents{#1}{\protect\contentsline{#2}{#3}{0}\hyperhrefextend}}
+
+\def\@adcmk[#1]{\ifcase #1 \or
+\def\@gtempa{\addnumcontentsmark}%
+ \or \def\@gtempa{\addcontentsmark}%
+ \or \def\@gtempa{\addcontentsmarkwop}%
+ \fi\@gtempa{toc}{chapter}}
+\def\addtocmark{\@ifnextchar[{\@adcmk}{\@adcmk[3]}}
+
+\def\l at chapter#1#2{\addpenalty{-\@highpenalty}
+ \vskip 1.0em plus 1pt \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup
+ \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
+ \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
+ \leavevmode \advance\leftskip\@tempdima \hskip -\leftskip
+ {\large\bfseries\boldmath#1}\ifx0#2\hfil\null
+ \else
+ \nobreak
+ \leaders\hbox{$\m at th \mkern \@dotsep mu.\mkern
+ \@dotsep mu$}\hfill
+ \nobreak\hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}%
+ \fi\par
+ \penalty\@highpenalty \endgroup}
+
+\def\l at title#1#2{\addpenalty{-\@highpenalty}
+ \addvspace{8pt plus 1pt}
+ \@tempdima \z@
+ \begingroup
+ \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@tocrmarg
+ \parfillskip -\@tocrmarg
+ \leavevmode \advance\leftskip\@tempdima \hskip -\leftskip
+ #1\nobreak
+ \leaders\hbox{$\m at th \mkern \@dotsep mu.\mkern
+ \@dotsep mu$}\hfill
+ \nobreak\hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
+ \penalty\@highpenalty \endgroup}
+
+\setcounter{tocdepth}{0}
+\newdimen\tocchpnum
+\newdimen\tocsecnum
+\newdimen\tocsectotal
+\newdimen\tocsubsecnum
+\newdimen\tocsubsectotal
+\newdimen\tocsubsubsecnum
+\newdimen\tocsubsubsectotal
+\newdimen\tocparanum
+\newdimen\tocparatotal
+\newdimen\tocsubparanum
+\tocchpnum=\z@ % no chapter numbers
+\tocsecnum=15\p@ % section 88. plus 2.222pt
+\tocsubsecnum=23\p@ % subsection 88.8 plus 2.222pt
+\tocsubsubsecnum=27\p@ % subsubsection 88.8.8 plus 1.444pt
+\tocparanum=35\p@ % paragraph 88.8.8.8 plus 1.666pt
+\tocsubparanum=43\p@ % subparagraph 88.8.8.8.8 plus 1.888pt
+\def\calctocindent{%
+\tocsectotal=\tocchpnum
+\advance\tocsectotal by\tocsecnum
+\tocsubsectotal=\tocsectotal
+\advance\tocsubsectotal by\tocsubsecnum
+\tocsubsubsectotal=\tocsubsectotal
+\advance\tocsubsubsectotal by\tocsubsubsecnum
+\tocparatotal=\tocsubsubsectotal
+\advance\tocparatotal by\tocparanum}
+\calctocindent
+
+\def\l at section{\@dottedtocline{1}{\tocchpnum}{\tocsecnum}}
+\def\l at subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{\tocsectotal}{\tocsubsecnum}}
+\def\l at subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{\tocsubsectotal}{\tocsubsubsecnum}}
+\def\l at paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{\tocsubsubsectotal}{\tocparanum}}
+\def\l at subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{\tocparatotal}{\tocsubparanum}}
+
+\def\listoffigures{\@restonecolfalse\if at twocolumn\@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
+ \fi\section*{\listfigurename\@mkboth{{\listfigurename}}{{\listfigurename}}}
+ \@starttoc{lof}\if at restonecol\twocolumn\fi}
+\def\l at figure{\@dottedtocline{1}{0em}{1.5em}}
+
+\def\listoftables{\@restonecolfalse\if at twocolumn\@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
+ \fi\section*{\listtablename\@mkboth{{\listtablename}}{{\listtablename}}}
+ \@starttoc{lot}\if at restonecol\twocolumn\fi}
+\let\l at table\l at figure
+
+\renewcommand\listoffigures{%
+ \section*{\listfigurename
+ \@mkboth{\listfigurename}{\listfigurename}}%
+ \@starttoc{lof}%
+ }
+
+\renewcommand\listoftables{%
+ \section*{\listtablename
+ \@mkboth{\listtablename}{\listtablename}}%
+ \@starttoc{lot}%
+ }
+
+\ifx\oribibl\undefined
+\ifx\citeauthoryear\undefined
+\renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1]
+ {\section*{\refname}
+ \def\@biblabel##1{##1.}
+ \small
+ \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c at enumiv}}%
+ {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
+ \leftmargin\labelwidth
+ \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
+ \if at openbib
+ \advance\leftmargin\bibindent
+ \itemindent -\bibindent
+ \listparindent \itemindent
+ \parsep \z@
+ \fi
+ \usecounter{enumiv}%
+ \let\p at enumiv\@empty
+ \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c at enumiv}}%
+ \if at openbib
+ \renewcommand\newblock{\par}%
+ \else
+ \renewcommand\newblock{\hskip .11em \@plus.33em \@minus.07em}%
+ \fi
+ \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000%
+ \sfcode`\.=\@m}
+ {\def\@noitemerr
+ {\@latex at warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}%
+ \endlist}
+\def\@lbibitem[#1]#2{\item[{[#1]}\hfill]\if at filesw
+ {\let\protect\noexpand\immediate
+ \write\@auxout{\string\bibcite{#2}{#1}}}\fi\ignorespaces}
+\newcount\@tempcntc
+\def\@citex[#1]#2{\if at filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{#2}}\fi
+ \@tempcnta\z@\@tempcntb\m at ne\def\@citea{}\@cite{\@for\@citeb:=#2\do
+ {\@ifundefined
+ {b@\@citeb}{\@citeo\@tempcntb\m at ne\@citea\def\@citea{,}{\bfseries
+ ?}\@warning
+ {Citation `\@citeb' on page \thepage \space undefined}}%
+ {\setbox\z@\hbox{\global\@tempcntc0\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname\relax}%
+ \ifnum\@tempcntc=\z@ \@citeo\@tempcntb\m at ne
+ \@citea\def\@citea{,}\hbox{\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}%
+ \else
+ \advance\@tempcntb\@ne
+ \ifnum\@tempcntb=\@tempcntc
+ \else\advance\@tempcntb\m at ne\@citeo
+ \@tempcnta\@tempcntc\@tempcntb\@tempcntc\fi\fi}}\@citeo}{#1}}
+\def\@citeo{\ifnum\@tempcnta>\@tempcntb\else
+ \@citea\def\@citea{,\,\hskip\z at skip}%
+ \ifnum\@tempcnta=\@tempcntb\the\@tempcnta\else
+ {\advance\@tempcnta\@ne\ifnum\@tempcnta=\@tempcntb \else
+ \def\@citea{--}\fi
+ \advance\@tempcnta\m at ne\the\@tempcnta\@citea\the\@tempcntb}\fi\fi}
+\else
+\renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1]
+ {\section*{\refname}
+ \small
+ \list{}%
+ {\settowidth\labelwidth{}%
+ \leftmargin\parindent
+ \itemindent=-\parindent
+ \labelsep=\z@
+ \if at openbib
+ \advance\leftmargin\bibindent
+ \itemindent -\bibindent
+ \listparindent \itemindent
+ \parsep \z@
+ \fi
+ \usecounter{enumiv}%
+ \let\p at enumiv\@empty
+ \renewcommand\theenumiv{}}%
+ \if at openbib
+ \renewcommand\newblock{\par}%
+ \else
+ \renewcommand\newblock{\hskip .11em \@plus.33em \@minus.07em}%
+ \fi
+ \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000%
+ \sfcode`\.=\@m}
+ {\def\@noitemerr
+ {\@latex at warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}%
+ \endlist}
+ \def\@cite#1{#1}%
+ \def\@lbibitem[#1]#2{\item[]\if at filesw
+ {\def\protect##1{\string ##1\space}\immediate
+ \write\@auxout{\string\bibcite{#2}{#1}}}\fi\ignorespaces}
+ \fi
+\else
+\@cons\@openbib at code{\noexpand\small}
+\fi
+
+\def\idxquad{\hskip 10\p@}% space that divides entry from number
+
+\def\@idxitem{\par\hangindent 10\p@}
+
+\def\subitem{\par\setbox0=\hbox{--\enspace}% second order
+ \noindent\hangindent\wd0\box0}% index entry
+
+\def\subsubitem{\par\setbox0=\hbox{--\,--\enspace}% third
+ \noindent\hangindent\wd0\box0}% order index entry
+
+\def\indexspace{\par \vskip 10\p@ plus5\p@ minus3\p@\relax}
+
+\renewenvironment{theindex}
+ {\@mkboth{\indexname}{\indexname}%
+ \thispagestyle{empty}\parindent\z@
+ \parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
+ \let\item\par
+ \def\,{\relax\ifmmode\mskip\thinmuskip
+ \else\hskip0.2em\ignorespaces\fi}%
+ \normalfont\small
+ \begin{multicols}{2}[\@makeschapterhead{\indexname}]%
+ }
+ {\end{multicols}}
+
+\renewcommand\footnoterule{%
+ \kern-3\p@
+ \hrule\@width 2truecm
+ \kern2.6\p@}
+ \newdimen\fnindent
+ \fnindent1em
+\long\def\@makefntext#1{%
+ \parindent \fnindent%
+ \leftskip \fnindent%
+ \noindent
+ \llap{\hb at xt@1em{\hss\@makefnmark\ }}\ignorespaces#1}
+
+\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{%
+ \vskip\abovecaptionskip
+ \sbox\@tempboxa{{\bfseries #1.} #2}%
+ \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize
+ {\bfseries #1.} #2\par
+ \else
+ \global \@minipagefalse
+ \hb at xt@\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}%
+ \fi
+ \vskip\belowcaptionskip}
+
+\def\fps at figure{htbp}
+\def\fnum at figure{\figurename\thinspace\thefigure}
+\def \@floatboxreset {%
+ \reset at font
+ \small
+ \@setnobreak
+ \@setminipage
+}
+\def\fps at table{htbp}
+\def\fnum at table{\tablename~\thetable}
+\renewenvironment{table}
+ {\setlength\abovecaptionskip{0\p@}%
+ \setlength\belowcaptionskip{10\p@}%
+ \@float{table}}
+ {\end at float}
+\renewenvironment{table*}
+ {\setlength\abovecaptionskip{0\p@}%
+ \setlength\belowcaptionskip{10\p@}%
+ \@dblfloat{table}}
+ {\end at dblfloat}
+
+\long\def\@caption#1[#2]#3{\par\addcontentsline{\csname
+ ext@#1\endcsname}{#1}{\protect\numberline{\csname
+ the#1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces #2}}\begingroup
+ \@parboxrestore
+ \@makecaption{\csname fnum@#1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces #3}\par
+ \endgroup}
+
+% LaTeX does not provide a command to enter the authors institute
+% addresses. The \institute command is defined here.
+
+\newcounter{@inst}
+\newcounter{@auth}
+\newcounter{auco}
+\def\andname{and}
+\def\lastandname{\unskip, and}
+\newdimen\instindent
+\newbox\authrun
+\newtoks\authorrunning
+\newtoks\tocauthor
+\newbox\titrun
+\newtoks\titlerunning
+\newtoks\toctitle
+
+\def\clearheadinfo{\gdef\@author{No Author Given}%
+ \gdef\@title{No Title Given}%
+ \gdef\@subtitle{}%
+ \gdef\@institute{No Institute Given}%
+ \gdef\@thanks{}%
+ \global\titlerunning={}\global\authorrunning={}%
+ \global\toctitle={}\global\tocauthor={}}
+
+\def\institute#1{\gdef\@institute{#1}}
+
+\def\institutename{\par
+ \begingroup
+ \parskip=\z@
+ \parindent=\z@
+ \setcounter{@inst}{1}%
+ \def\and{\par\stepcounter{@inst}%
+ \noindent$^{\the at inst}$\enspace\ignorespaces}%
+ \setbox0=\vbox{\def\thanks##1{}\@institute}%
+ \ifnum\c@@inst=1\relax
+ \else
+ \setcounter{footnote}{\c@@inst}%
+ \setcounter{@inst}{1}%
+ \noindent$^{\the at inst}$\enspace
+ \fi
+ \ignorespaces
+ \@institute\par
+ \endgroup}
+
+\def\@fnsymbol#1{\ensuremath{\ifcase#1\or\star\or{\star\star}\or
+ {\star\star\star}\or \dagger\or \ddagger\or
+ \mathchar "278\or \mathchar "27B\or \|\or **\or \dagger\dagger
+ \or \ddagger\ddagger \else\@ctrerr\fi}}
+
+\def\inst#1{\unskip$^{#1}$}
+\def\fnmsep{\unskip$^,$}
+\def\email#1{{\tt#1}}
+\AtBeginDocument{\@ifundefined{url}{\def\url#1{#1}}{}}
+\def\homedir{\~{ }}
+
+\def\subtitle#1{\gdef\@subtitle{#1}}
+\clearheadinfo
+
+\renewcommand\maketitle{\newpage
+ \refstepcounter{chapter}%
+ \stepcounter{section}%
+ \setcounter{section}{0}%
+ \setcounter{subsection}{0}%
+ \setcounter{figure}{0}
+ \setcounter{table}{0}
+ \setcounter{equation}{0}
+ \setcounter{footnote}{0}%
+ \begingroup
+ \parindent=\z@
+ \renewcommand\thefootnote{\@fnsymbol\c at footnote}%
+ \if at twocolumn
+ \ifnum \col at number=\@ne
+ \@maketitle
+ \else
+ \twocolumn[\@maketitle]%
+ \fi
+ \else
+ \newpage
+ \global\@topnum\z@ % Prevents figures from going at top of page.
+ \@maketitle
+ \fi
+ \thispagestyle{empty}\@thanks
+%
+ \def\\{\unskip\ \ignorespaces}\def\inst##1{\unskip{}}%
+ \def\thanks##1{\unskip{}}\def\fnmsep{\unskip}%
+ \instindent=\hsize
+ \advance\instindent by-\headlineindent
+ \if!\the\toctitle!\addcontentsline{toc}{title}{\@title}\else
+ \addcontentsline{toc}{title}{\the\toctitle}\fi
+ \if at runhead
+ \if!\the\titlerunning!\else
+ \edef\@title{\the\titlerunning}%
+ \fi
+ \global\setbox\titrun=\hbox{\small\rm\unboldmath\ignorespaces\@title}%
+ \ifdim\wd\titrun>\instindent
+ \typeout{Title too long for running head. Please supply}%
+ \typeout{a shorter form with \string\titlerunning\space prior to
+ \string\maketitle}%
+ \global\setbox\titrun=\hbox{\small\rm
+ Title Suppressed Due to Excessive Length}%
+ \fi
+ \xdef\@title{\copy\titrun}%
+ \fi
+%
+ \if!\the\tocauthor!\relax
+ {\def\and{\noexpand\protect\noexpand\and}%
+ \protected at xdef\toc at uthor{\@author}}%
+ \else
+ \def\\{\noexpand\protect\noexpand\newline}%
+ \protected at xdef\scratch{\the\tocauthor}%
+ \protected at xdef\toc at uthor{\scratch}%
+ \fi
+ \addtocontents{toc}{{\protect\raggedright\protect\leftskip15\p@
+ \protect\rightskip\@tocrmarg
+ \protect\itshape\toc at uthor\protect\endgraf}}%
+ \if at runhead
+ \if!\the\authorrunning!
+ \value{@inst}=\value{@auth}%
+ \setcounter{@auth}{1}%
+ \else
+ \edef\@author{\the\authorrunning}%
+ \fi
+ \global\setbox\authrun=\hbox{\small\unboldmath\@author\unskip}%
+ \ifdim\wd\authrun>\instindent
+ \typeout{Names of authors too long for running head. Please supply}%
+ \typeout{a shorter form with \string\authorrunning\space prior to
+ \string\maketitle}%
+ \global\setbox\authrun=\hbox{\small\rm
+ Authors Suppressed Due to Excessive Length}%
+ \fi
+ \xdef\@author{\copy\authrun}%
+ \markboth{\@author}{\@title}%
+ \fi
+ \endgroup
+ \setcounter{footnote}{0}%
+ \clearheadinfo}
+%
+\def\@maketitle{\newpage
+ \markboth{}{}%
+ \def\lastand{\ifnum\value{@inst}=2\relax
+ \unskip{} \andname\
+ \else
+ \unskip \lastandname\
+ \fi}%
+ \def\and{\stepcounter{@auth}\relax
+ \ifnum\value{@auth}=\value{@inst}%
+ \lastand
+ \else
+ \unskip,
+ \fi}%
+ \begin{center}%
+ {\Large \bfseries\boldmath
+ \pretolerance=10000
+ \@title \par}\vskip .8cm
+\if!\@subtitle!\else {\large \bfseries\boldmath
+ \vskip -.65cm
+ \pretolerance=10000
+ \@subtitle \par}\vskip .8cm\fi
+ \setbox0=\vbox{\setcounter{@auth}{1}\def\and{\stepcounter{@auth}}%
+ \def\thanks##1{}\@author}%
+ \global\value{@inst}=\value{@auth}%
+ \global\value{auco}=\value{@auth}%
+ \setcounter{@auth}{1}%
+{\lineskip .5em
+\noindent\ignorespaces
+\@author\vskip.35cm}
+ {\small\institutename}
+ \end{center}%
+ }
+
+% definition of the "\spnewtheorem" command.
+%
+% Usage:
+%
+% \spnewtheorem{env_nam}{caption}[within]{cap_font}{body_font}
+% or \spnewtheorem{env_nam}[numbered_like]{caption}{cap_font}{body_font}
+% or \spnewtheorem*{env_nam}{caption}{cap_font}{body_font}
+%
+% New is "cap_font" and "body_font". It stands for
+% fontdefinition of the caption and the text itself.
+%
+% "\spnewtheorem*" gives a theorem without number.
+%
+% A defined spnewthoerem environment is used as described
+% by Lamport.
+%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\def\@thmcountersep{}
+\def\@thmcounterend{.}
+
+\def\spnewtheorem{\@ifstar{\@sthm}{\@Sthm}}
+
+% definition of \spnewtheorem with number
+
+\def\@spnthm#1#2{%
+ \@ifnextchar[{\@spxnthm{#1}{#2}}{\@spynthm{#1}{#2}}}
+\def\@Sthm#1{\@ifnextchar[{\@spothm{#1}}{\@spnthm{#1}}}
+
+\def\@spxnthm#1#2[#3]#4#5{\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname
+ {\@definecounter{#1}\@addtoreset{#1}{#3}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname the#1\endcsname{\expandafter\noexpand
+ \csname the#3\endcsname \noexpand\@thmcountersep \@thmcounter{#1}}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname #1name\endcsname{#2}%
+ \global\@namedef{#1}{\@spthm{#1}{\csname #1name\endcsname}{#4}{#5}}%
+ \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endtheorem}}}
+
+\def\@spynthm#1#2#3#4{\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname
+ {\@definecounter{#1}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname the#1\endcsname{\@thmcounter{#1}}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname #1name\endcsname{#2}%
+ \global\@namedef{#1}{\@spthm{#1}{\csname #1name\endcsname}{#3}{#4}}%
+ \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endtheorem}}}
+
+\def\@spothm#1[#2]#3#4#5{%
+ \@ifundefined{c@#2}{\@latexerr{No theorem environment `#2' defined}\@eha}%
+ {\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname
+ {\global\@namedef{the#1}{\@nameuse{the#2}}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname #1name\endcsname{#3}%
+ \global\@namedef{#1}{\@spthm{#2}{\csname #1name\endcsname}{#4}{#5}}%
+ \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endtheorem}}}}
+
+\def\@spthm#1#2#3#4{\topsep 7\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@
+\refstepcounter{#1}%
+\@ifnextchar[{\@spythm{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}}{\@spxthm{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}}}
+
+\def\@spxthm#1#2#3#4{\@spbegintheorem{#2}{\csname the#1\endcsname}{#3}{#4}%
+ \ignorespaces}
+
+\def\@spythm#1#2#3#4[#5]{\@spopargbegintheorem{#2}{\csname
+ the#1\endcsname}{#5}{#3}{#4}\ignorespaces}
+
+\def\@spbegintheorem#1#2#3#4{\trivlist
+ \item[\hskip\labelsep{#3#1\ #2\@thmcounterend}]#4}
+
+\def\@spopargbegintheorem#1#2#3#4#5{\trivlist
+ \item[\hskip\labelsep{#4#1\ #2}]{#4(#3)\@thmcounterend\ }#5}
+
+% definition of \spnewtheorem* without number
+
+\def\@sthm#1#2{\@Ynthm{#1}{#2}}
+
+\def\@Ynthm#1#2#3#4{\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname
+ {\global\@namedef{#1}{\@Thm{\csname #1name\endcsname}{#3}{#4}}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname #1name\endcsname{#2}%
+ \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endtheorem}}}
+
+\def\@Thm#1#2#3{\topsep 7\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@
+\@ifnextchar[{\@Ythm{#1}{#2}{#3}}{\@Xthm{#1}{#2}{#3}}}
+
+\def\@Xthm#1#2#3{\@Begintheorem{#1}{#2}{#3}\ignorespaces}
+
+\def\@Ythm#1#2#3[#4]{\@Opargbegintheorem{#1}
+ {#4}{#2}{#3}\ignorespaces}
+
+\def\@Begintheorem#1#2#3{#3\trivlist
+ \item[\hskip\labelsep{#2#1\@thmcounterend}]}
+
+\def\@Opargbegintheorem#1#2#3#4{#4\trivlist
+ \item[\hskip\labelsep{#3#1}]{#3(#2)\@thmcounterend\ }}
+
+\if at envcntsect
+ \def\@thmcountersep{.}
+ \spnewtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]{\bfseries}{\itshape}
+\else
+ \spnewtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}{\bfseries}{\itshape}
+ \if at envcntreset
+ \@addtoreset{theorem}{section}
+ \else
+ \@addtoreset{theorem}{chapter}
+ \fi
+\fi
+
+%definition of divers theorem environments
+\spnewtheorem*{claim}{Claim}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\spnewtheorem*{proof}{Proof}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\if at envcntsame % alle Umgebungen wie Theorem.
+ \def\spn at wtheorem#1#2#3#4{\@spothm{#1}[theorem]{#2}{#3}{#4}}
+\else % alle Umgebungen mit eigenem Zaehler
+ \if at envcntsect % mit section numeriert
+ \def\spn at wtheorem#1#2#3#4{\@spxnthm{#1}{#2}[section]{#3}{#4}}
+ \else % nicht mit section numeriert
+ \if at envcntreset
+ \def\spn at wtheorem#1#2#3#4{\@spynthm{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}
+ \@addtoreset{#1}{section}}
+ \else
+ \def\spn at wtheorem#1#2#3#4{\@spynthm{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}
+ \@addtoreset{#1}{chapter}}%
+ \fi
+ \fi
+\fi
+\spn at wtheorem{case}{Case}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\spn at wtheorem{conjecture}{Conjecture}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\spn at wtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}{\bfseries}{\itshape}
+\spn at wtheorem{definition}{Definition}{\bfseries}{\itshape}
+\spn at wtheorem{example}{Example}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\spn at wtheorem{exercise}{Exercise}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\spn at wtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}{\bfseries}{\itshape}
+\spn at wtheorem{note}{Note}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\spn at wtheorem{problem}{Problem}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\spn at wtheorem{property}{Property}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\spn at wtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}{\bfseries}{\itshape}
+\spn at wtheorem{question}{Question}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\spn at wtheorem{solution}{Solution}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\spn at wtheorem{remark}{Remark}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+
+\def\@takefromreset#1#2{%
+ \def\@tempa{#1}%
+ \let\@tempd\@elt
+ \def\@elt##1{%
+ \def\@tempb{##1}%
+ \ifx\@tempa\@tempb\else
+ \@addtoreset{##1}{#2}%
+ \fi}%
+ \expandafter\expandafter\let\expandafter\@tempc\csname cl@#2\endcsname
+ \expandafter\def\csname cl@#2\endcsname{}%
+ \@tempc
+ \let\@elt\@tempd}
+
+\def\theopargself{\def\@spopargbegintheorem##1##2##3##4##5{\trivlist
+ \item[\hskip\labelsep{##4##1\ ##2}]{##4##3\@thmcounterend\ }##5}
+ \def\@Opargbegintheorem##1##2##3##4{##4\trivlist
+ \item[\hskip\labelsep{##3##1}]{##3##2\@thmcounterend\ }}
+ }
+
+\renewenvironment{abstract}{%
+ \list{}{\advance\topsep by0.35cm\relax\small
+ \leftmargin=1cm
+ \labelwidth=\z@
+ \listparindent=\z@
+ \itemindent\listparindent
+ \rightmargin\leftmargin}\item[\hskip\labelsep
+ \bfseries\abstractname]}
+ {\endlist}
+\renewcommand{\abstractname}{Abstract}
+\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table of Contents}
+\renewcommand{\figurename}{Fig.}
+\renewcommand{\tablename}{Table}
+
+\newdimen\headlineindent % dimension for space between
+\headlineindent=1.166cm % number and text of headings.
+
+\def\ps at headings{\let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo
+ \let\@oddfoot\@empty\let\@evenfoot\@empty
+ \def\@evenhead{\normalfont\small\rlap{\thepage}\hspace{\headlineindent}%
+ \leftmark\hfil}
+ \def\@oddhead{\normalfont\small\hfil\rightmark\hspace{\headlineindent}%
+ \llap{\thepage}}
+ \def\chaptermark##1{}%
+ \def\sectionmark##1{}%
+ \def\subsectionmark##1{}}
+
+\def\ps at titlepage{\let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo
+ \let\@oddfoot\@empty\let\@evenfoot\@empty
+ \def\@evenhead{\normalfont\small\rlap{\thepage}\hspace{\headlineindent}%
+ \hfil}
+ \def\@oddhead{\normalfont\small\hfil\hspace{\headlineindent}%
+ \llap{\thepage}}
+ \def\chaptermark##1{}%
+ \def\sectionmark##1{}%
+ \def\subsectionmark##1{}}
+
+\if at runhead\ps at headings\else
+\ps at empty\fi
+
+\setlength\arraycolsep{1.4\p@}
+\setlength\tabcolsep{1.4\p@}
+
+\endinput
+
diff --git a/position-papers/W3C-DNT/slides/W3CDNT-Tor-slides.odp b/position-papers/W3C-DNT/slides/W3CDNT-Tor-slides.odp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abb3ca1
Binary files /dev/null and b/position-papers/W3C-DNT/slides/W3CDNT-Tor-slides.odp differ
diff --git a/position-papers/W3C-DNT/usenix.sty b/position-papers/W3C-DNT/usenix.sty
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22935a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/position-papers/W3C-DNT/usenix.sty
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+% usenix-2e.sty - to be used with latex2e (the new one) for USENIX.
+% To use this style file, do this:
+%
+% \documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
+% \usepackage{usenix-2e}
+% and put {\rm ....} around the author names.
+%
+% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.sty
+% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the USENIX
+% guidelines.
+% It will automatically select two-column mode and the Times-Roman
+% font.
+
+%
+% USENIX papers are two-column.
+% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS,
+% which is in latex2e.
+
+%\if at twocolumn\else\input twocolumn.sty\fi
+\usepackage{times}
+
+%
+% USENIX wants margins of: 7/8" side, 1" bottom, and 3/4" top.
+% 0.25" gutter between columns.
+% Gives active areas of 6.75" x 9.25"
+%
+\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in}
+\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in}
+\setlength{\textwidth}{6.75in}
+%\setlength{\textwidth}{7.00in}
+%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in}
+\setlength{\topmargin}{-0.25in}
+\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in}
+\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in}
+\setlength{\evensidemargin}{-0.125in}
+\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-0.125in}
+
+%
+% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that they can
+% number them themselves.
+%
+\pagestyle{empty}
+
+%
+% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no
+% change in the empty page headers. The whol author section is 12 point
+% italic--- you must use {\rm } around the actual author names to get
+% them in roman.
+%
+\def\maketitle{\par
+ \begingroup
+ \renewcommand\thefootnote{\fnsymbol{footnote}}%
+ \def\@makefnmark{\hbox to\z@{$\m at th^{\@thefnmark}$\hss}}%
+ \long\def\@makefntext##1{\parindent 1em\noindent
+ \hbox to1.8em{\hss$\m at th^{\@thefnmark}$}##1}%
+ \if at twocolumn
+ \twocolumn[\@maketitle]%
+ \else \newpage
+ \global\@topnum\z@
+ \@maketitle \fi\@thanks
+ \endgroup
+ \setcounter{footnote}{0}%
+ \let\maketitle\relax
+ \let\@maketitle\relax
+ \gdef\@thanks{}\gdef\@author{}\gdef\@title{}\let\thanks\relax}
+
+\def\@maketitle{\newpage
+ %\vbox to 0.5in{
+ \vbox to 1.5in{
+ %\vspace*{\fill}
+ %\vskip 2em
+ \begin{center}%
+ {\Large\bf \@title \par}%
+ \vskip 0.250in minus 0.250in
+ {\large\it
+ \lineskip .5em
+ \begin{tabular}[t]{c}\@author
+ \end{tabular}\par}%
+ \end{center}%
+ \par
+ \vspace*{\fill}
+% \vskip 1.5em
+ }
+}
+
+%
+% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading
+\def\abstract{\begin{center}%
+{\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5em}\vspace{\z@}}%
+\end{center}}
+\def\endabstract{}
+
+%
+% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Others can be same or smaller.
+%
+\def\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}{-3.5ex plus-1ex minus
+ -.2ex}{2.3ex plus.2ex}{\reset at font\large\bf}}
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