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Comment (by cypherpunks_backup):

 LES MISÉRABLES





  VOLUME I.—FANTINE.





  PREFACE

  So long as there shall exist, by virtue of law and custom, decrees of
  damnation pronounced by society, artificially creating hells amid the
  civilization of earth, and adding the element of human fate to divine
  destiny; so long as the three great problems of the century—the
  degradation of man through pauperism, the corruption of woman through
  hunger, the crippling of children through lack of light—are unsolved; so
  long as social asphyxia is possible in any part of the world;—in other
  words, and with a still wider significance, so long as ignorance and
  poverty exist on earth, books of the nature of Les Misérables cannot fail
  to be of use.

  HAUTEVILLE HOUSE, 1862.




  FANTINE





  BOOK FIRST—A JUST MAN





  CHAPTER I—M. MYRIEL

  In 1815, M. Charles-Francois-Bienvenu Myriel was Bishop of D—— He was an
  old man of about seventy-five years of age; he had occupied the see of
 D——
  since 1806.

  Although this detail has no connection whatever with the real substance
 of
  what we are about to relate, it will not be superfluous, if merely for
 the
  sake of exactness in all points, to mention here the various rumors and
  remarks which had been in circulation about him from the very moment when
  he arrived in the diocese. True or false, that which is said of men often
  occupies as important a place in their lives, and above all in their
  destinies, as that which they do. M. Myriel was the son of a councillor
 of
  the Parliament of Aix; hence he belonged to the nobility of the bar. It
  was said that his father, destining him to be the heir of his own post,
  had married him at a very early age, eighteen or twenty, in accordance
  with a custom which is rather widely prevalent in parliamentary families.
  In spite of this marriage, however, it was said that Charles Myriel
  created a great deal of talk. He was well formed, though rather short in
  stature, elegant, graceful, intelligent; the whole of the first portion
 of
  his life had been devoted to the world and to gallantry.

  The Revolution came; events succeeded each other with precipitation; the
  parliamentary families, decimated, pursued, hunted down, were dispersed.
  M. Charles Myriel emigrated to Italy at the very beginning of the
  Revolution. There his wife died of a malady of the chest, from which she
  had long suffered. He had no children. What took place next in the fate
 of
  M. Myriel? The ruin of the French society of the olden days, the fall of
  his own family, the tragic spectacles of '93, which were, perhaps, even
  more alarming to the emigrants who viewed them from a distance, with the
  magnifying powers of terror,—did these cause the ideas of renunciation
 and
  solitude to germinate in him? Was he, in the midst of these distractions,
  these affections which absorbed his life, suddenly smitten with one of
  those mysterious and terrible blows which sometimes overwhelm, by
 striking
  to his heart, a man whom public catastrophes would not shake, by striking
  at his existence and his fortune? No one could have told: all that was
  known was, that when he returned from Italy he was a priest.

  In 1804, M. Myriel was the Curé of B—— [Brignolles]. He was already
  advanced in years, and lived in a very retired manner.

  About the epoch of the coronation, some petty affair connected with his
  curacy—just what, is not precisely known—took him to Paris. Among other
  powerful persons to whom he went to solicit aid for his parishioners was
  M. le Cardinal Fesch. One day, when the Emperor had come to visit his
  uncle, the worthy Curé, who was waiting in the anteroom, found himself
  present when His Majesty passed. Napoleon, on finding himself observed
  with a certain curiosity by this old man, turned round and said
 abruptly:—

  "Who is this good man who is staring at me?"

  "Sire," said M. Myriel, "you are looking at a good man, and I at a great
  man. Each of us can profit by it."

  That very evening, the Emperor asked the Cardinal the name of the Curé,
  and some time afterwards M. Myriel was utterly astonished to learn that
 he
  had been appointed Bishop of D——

  What truth was there, after all, in the stories which were invented as to
  the early portion of M. Myriel's life? No one knew. Very few families had
  been acquainted with the Myriel family before the Revolution.

  M. Myriel had to undergo the fate of every newcomer in a little town,
  where there are many mouths which talk, and very few heads which think.
 He
  was obliged to undergo it although he was a bishop, and because he was a
  bishop. But after all, the rumors with which his name was connected were
  rumors only,—noise, sayings, words; less than words—palabres, as the
  energetic language of the South expresses it.

  However that may be, after nine years of episcopal power and of residence
  in D——, all the stories and subjects of conversation which engross petty
  towns and petty people at the outset had fallen into profound oblivion.
 No
  one would have dared to mention them; no one would have dared to recall
  them.

  M. Myriel had arrived at D—— accompanied by an elderly spinster,
  Mademoiselle Baptistine, who was his sister, and ten years his junior.

  Their only domestic was a female servant of the same age as Mademoiselle
  Baptistine, and named Madame Magloire, who, after having been the servant
  of M. le Curé, now assumed the double title of maid to Mademoiselle and
  housekeeper to Monseigneur.

  Mademoiselle Baptistine was a long, pale, thin, gentle creature; she
  realized the ideal expressed by the word "respectable"; for it seems that
  a woman must needs be a mother in order to be venerable. She had never
  been pretty; her whole life, which had been nothing but a succession of
  holy deeds, had finally conferred upon her a sort of pallor and
  transparency; and as she advanced in years she had acquired what may be
  called the beauty of goodness. What had been leanness in her youth had
  become transparency in her maturity; and this diaphaneity allowed the
  angel to be seen. She was a soul rather than a virgin. Her person seemed
  made of a shadow; there was hardly sufficient body to provide for sex; a
  little matter enclosing a light; large eyes forever drooping;—a mere
  pretext for a soul's remaining on the earth.

  Madame Magloire was a little, fat, white old woman, corpulent and
  bustling; always out of breath,—in the first place, because of her
  activity, and in the next, because of her asthma.

  On his arrival, M. Myriel was installed in the episcopal palace with the
  honors required by the Imperial decrees, which class a bishop immediately
  after a major-general. The mayor and the president paid the first call on
  him, and he, in turn, paid the first call on the general and the prefect.

  The installation over, the town waited to see its bishop at work.





  CHAPTER II—M. MYRIEL BECOMES M. WELCOME

  The episcopal palace of D—— adjoins the hospital.

  The episcopal palace was a huge and beautiful house, built of stone at
 the
  beginning of the last century by M. Henri Puget, Doctor of Theology of
 the
  Faculty of Paris, Abbé of Simore, who had been Bishop of D—— in 1712.
 This
  palace was a genuine seignorial residence. Everything about it had a
 grand
  air,—the apartments of the Bishop, the drawing-rooms, the chambers, the
  principal courtyard, which was very large, with walks encircling it under
  arcades in the old Florentine fashion, and gardens planted with
  magnificent trees. In the dining-room, a long and superb gallery which
 was
  situated on the ground-floor and opened on the gardens, M. Henri Puget
 had
  entertained in state, on July 29, 1714, My Lords Charles Brulart de
  Genlis, archbishop; Prince d'Embrun; Antoine de Mesgrigny, the capuchin,
  Bishop of Grasse; Philippe de Vendome, Grand Prior of France, Abbé of
  Saint Honore de Lerins; Francois de Berton de Crillon, bishop, Baron de
  Vence; Cesar de Sabran de Forcalquier, bishop, Seignor of Glandeve; and
  Jean Soanen, Priest of the Oratory, preacher in ordinary to the king,
  bishop, Seignor of Senez. The portraits of these seven reverend
 personages
  decorated this apartment; and this memorable date, the 29th of July,
 1714,
  was there engraved in letters of gold on a table of white marble.

  The hospital was a low and narrow building of a single story, with a
 small
  garden.

  Three days after his arrival, the Bishop visited the hospital. The visit
  ended, he had the director requested to be so good as to come to his
  house.

  "Monsieur the director of the hospital," said he to him, "how many sick
  people have you at the present moment?"

  "Twenty-six, Monseigneur."

  "That was the number which I counted," said the Bishop.

  "The beds," pursued the director, "are very much crowded against each
  other."

  "That is what I observed."

  "The halls are nothing but rooms, and it is with difficulty that the air
  can be changed in them."

  "So it seems to me."

  "And then, when there is a ray of sun, the garden is very small for the
  convalescents."

  "That was what I said to myself."

  "In case of epidemics,—we have had the typhus fever this year; we had the
  sweating sickness two years ago, and a hundred patients at times,—we know
  not what to do."

  "That is the thought which occurred to me."

  "What would you have, Monseigneur?" said the director. "One must resign
  one's self."

  This conversation took place in the gallery dining-room on the ground-
  floor.

  The Bishop remained silent for a moment; then he turned abruptly to the
  director of the hospital.

  "Monsieur," said he, "how many beds do you think this hall alone would
  hold?"

  "Monseigneur's dining-room?" exclaimed the stupefied director.

  The Bishop cast a glance round the apartment, and seemed to be taking
  measures and calculations with his eyes.

  "It would hold full twenty beds," said he, as though speaking to himself.
  Then, raising his voice:—

  "Hold, Monsieur the director of the hospital, I will tell you something.
  There is evidently a mistake here. There are thirty-six of you, in five
 or
  six small rooms. There are three of us here, and we have room for sixty.
  There is some mistake, I tell you; you have my house, and I have yours.
  Give me back my house; you are at home here."

  On the following day the thirty-six patients were installed in the
  Bishop's palace, and the Bishop was settled in the hospital.

  M. Myriel had no property, his family having been ruined by the
  Revolution. His sister was in receipt of a yearly income of five hundred
  francs, which sufficed for her personal wants at the vicarage. M. Myriel
  received from the State, in his quality of bishop, a salary of fifteen
  thousand francs. On the very day when he took up his abode in the
  hospital, M. Myriel settled on the disposition of this sum once for all,
  in the following manner. We transcribe here a note made by his own hand:—

  NOTE ON THE REGULATION OF MY HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES.

    For the little seminary . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    1,500 livres
    Society of the  mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      100   "
    For the Lazarists of Montdidier . . . . . . . . . .      100   "
    Seminary for foreign missions in Paris  . . . . . .      200   "
    Congregation of the Holy Spirit . . . . . . . . . .      150   "
    Religious establishments of the Holy Land . . . . .      100   "
    Charitable maternity societies  . . . . . . . . . .      300   "
    Extra, for that of Arles  . . . . . . . . . . . . .       50   "
    Work for the amelioration of prisons  . . . . . . .      400   "
    Work for the relief and delivery of prisoners . . .      500   "
    To liberate fathers of families incarcerated for debt  1,000   "
    Addition to the salary of the poor teachers of the
         diocese  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    2,000   "
    Public granary of the Hautes-Alpes  . . . . . . . .      100   "
    Congregation of the ladies of D——, of Manosque, and of
         Sisteron, for the gratuitous instruction of poor
         girls  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    1,500   "
    For the poor  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    6,000   "
    My personal expenses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    1,000   "
                                                          ———
         Total  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   15,000   "

  M. Myriel made no change in this arrangement during the entire period
 that
  he occupied the see of D—— As has been seen, he called it regulating his
  household expenses.

  This arrangement was accepted with absolute submission by Mademoiselle
  Baptistine. This holy woman regarded Monseigneur of D—— as at one and the
  same time her brother and her bishop, her friend according to the flesh
  and her superior according to the Church. She simply loved and venerated
  him. When he spoke, she bowed; when he acted, she yielded her adherence.
  Their only servant, Madame Magloire, grumbled a little. It will be
  observed that Monsieur the Bishop had reserved for himself only one
  thousand livres, which, added to the pension of Mademoiselle Baptistine,
  made fifteen hundred francs a year. On these fifteen hundred francs these
  two old women and the old man subsisted.

  And when a village curate came to D——, the Bishop still found means to
  entertain him, thanks to the severe economy of Madame Magloire, and to
 the
  intelligent administration of Mademoiselle Baptistine.

  One day, after he had been in D—— about three months, the Bishop said:—

  "And still I am quite cramped with it all!"

  "I should think so!" exclaimed Madame Magloire. "Monseigneur has not even
  claimed the allowance which the department owes him for the expense of
 his
  carriage in town, and for his journeys about the diocese. It was
 customary
  for bishops in former days."

  "Hold!" cried the Bishop, "you are quite right, Madame Magloire."

  And he made his demand.

  Some time afterwards the General Council took this demand under
  consideration, and voted him an annual sum of three thousand francs,
 under
  this heading: Allowance to M. the Bishop for expenses of carriage,
  expenses of posting, and expenses of pastoral visits.

  This provoked a great outcry among the local burgesses; and a senator of
  the Empire, a former member of the Council of the Five Hundred which
  favored the 18 Brumaire, and who was provided with a magnificent
  senatorial office in the vicinity of the town of D——, wrote to M. Bigot
 de
  Preameneu, the minister of public worship, a very angry and confidential
  note on the subject, from which we extract these authentic lines:—

  "Expenses of carriage? What can be done with it in a town of less than
  four thousand inhabitants? Expenses of journeys? What is the use of these
  trips, in the first place? Next, how can the posting be accomplished in
  these mountainous parts? There are no roads. No one travels otherwise
 than
  on horseback. Even the bridge between Durance and Chateau-Arnoux can
  barely support ox-teams. These priests are all thus, greedy and
  avaricious. This man played the good priest when he first came. Now he
  does like the rest; he must have a carriage and a posting-chaise, he must
  have luxuries, like the bishops of the olden days. Oh, all this
  priesthood! Things will not go well, M. le Comte, until the Emperor has
  freed us from these black-capped rascals. Down with the Pope! [Matters
  were getting embroiled with Rome.] For my part, I am for Caesar alone."
  Etc., etc.

  On the other hand, this affair afforded great delight to Madame Magloire.
  "Good," said she to Mademoiselle Baptistine; "Monseigneur began with
 other
  people, but he has had to wind up with himself, after all. He has
  regulated all his charities. Now here are three thousand francs for us!
 At
  last!"

  That same evening the Bishop wrote out and handed to his sister a
  memorandum conceived in the following terms:—

  EXPENSES OF CARRIAGE AND CIRCUIT.

    For furnishing meat soup to the patients in the hospital. 1,500 livres
    For the maternity charitable society of Aix . . . . . . .   250   "
    For the maternity charitable society of Draguignan  . . .   250   "
    For foundlings  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   500   "
    For orphans   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   500   "
                                                              ——-
         Total  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000   "

  Such was M. Myriel's budget.

  As for the chance episcopal perquisites, the fees for marriage bans,
  dispensations, private baptisms, sermons, benedictions, of churches or
  chapels, marriages, etc., the Bishop levied them on the wealthy with all
  the more asperity, since he bestowed them on the needy.

  After a time, offerings of money flowed in. Those who had and those who
  lacked knocked at M. Myriel's door,—the latter in search of the alms
 which
  the former came to deposit. In less than a year the Bishop had become the
  treasurer of all benevolence and the cashier of all those in distress.
  Considerable sums of money passed through his hands, but nothing could
  induce him to make any change whatever in his mode of life, or add
  anything superfluous to his bare necessities.

  Far from it. As there is always more wretchedness below than there is
  brotherhood above, all was given away, so to speak, before it was
  received. It was like water on dry soil; no matter how much money he
  received, he never had any. Then he stripped himself.

  The usage being that bishops shall announce their baptismal names at the
  head of their charges and their pastoral letters, the poor people of the
  country-side had selected, with a sort of affectionate instinct, among
 the
  names and prenomens of their bishop, that which had a meaning for them;
  and they never called him anything except Monseigneur Bienvenu [Welcome].
  We will follow their example, and will also call him thus when we have
  occasion to name him. Moreover, this appellation pleased him.

  "I like that name," said he. "Bienvenu makes up for the Monseigneur."

  We do not claim that the portrait herewith presented is probable; we
  confine ourselves to stating that it resembles the original.





  CHAPTER III—A HARD BISHOPRIC FOR A GOOD BISHOP

  The Bishop did not omit his pastoral visits because he had converted his
  carriage into alms. The diocese of D—— is a fatiguing one. There are very
  few plains and a great many mountains; hardly any roads, as we have just
  seen; thirty-two curacies, forty-one vicarships, and two hundred and
  eighty-five auxiliary chapels. To visit all these is quite a task.

  The Bishop managed to do it. He went on foot when it was in the
  neighborhood, in a tilted spring-cart when it was on the plain, and on a
  donkey in the mountains. The two old women accompanied him. When the trip
  was too hard for them, he went alone.

  One day he arrived at Senez, which is an ancient episcopal city. He was
  mounted on an ass. His purse, which was very dry at that moment, did not
  permit him any other equipage. The mayor of the town came to receive him
  at the gate of the town, and watched him dismount from his ass, with
  scandalized eyes. Some of the citizens were laughing around him.
 "Monsieur
  the Mayor," said the Bishop, "and Messieurs Citizens, I perceive that I
  shock you. You think it very arrogant in a poor priest to ride an animal
  which was used by Jesus Christ. I have done so from necessity, I assure
  you, and not from vanity."

  In the course of these trips he was kind and indulgent, and talked rather
  than preached. He never went far in search of his arguments and his
  examples. He quoted to the inhabitants of one district the example of a
  neighboring district. In the cantons where they were harsh to the poor,
 he
  said: "Look at the people of Briancon! They have conferred on the poor,
 on
  widows and orphans, the right to have their meadows mown three days in
  advance of every one else. They rebuild their houses for them
 gratuitously
  when they are ruined. Therefore it is a country which is blessed by God.
  For a whole century, there has not been a single murderer among them."

  In villages which were greedy for profit and harvest, he said: "Look at
  the people of Embrun! If, at the harvest season, the father of a family
  has his son away on service in the army, and his daughters at service in
  the town, and if he is ill and incapacitated, the cure recommends him to
  the prayers of the congregation; and on Sunday, after the mass, all the
  inhabitants of the village—men, women, and children—go to the poor man's
  field and do his harvesting for him, and carry his straw and his grain to
  his granary." To families divided by questions of money and inheritance
 he
  said: "Look at the mountaineers of Devolny, a country so wild that the
  nightingale is not heard there once in fifty years. Well, when the father
  of a family dies, the boys go off to seek their fortunes, leaving the
  property to the girls, so that they may find husbands." To the cantons
  which had a taste for lawsuits, and where the farmers ruined themselves
 in
  stamped paper, he said: "Look at those good peasants in the valley of
  Queyras! There are three thousand souls of them. Mon Dieu! it is like a
  little republic. Neither judge nor bailiff is known there. The mayor does
  everything. He allots the imposts, taxes each person conscientiously,
  judges quarrels for nothing, divides inheritances without charge,
  pronounces sentences gratuitously; and he is obeyed, because he is a just
  man among simple men." To villages where he found no schoolmaster, he
  quoted once more the people of Queyras: "Do you know how they manage?" he
  said. "Since a little country of a dozen or fifteen hearths cannot always
  support a teacher, they have school-masters who are paid by the whole
  valley, who make the round of the villages, spending a week in this one,
  ten days in that, and instruct them. These teachers go to the fairs. I
  have seen them there. They are to be recognized by the quill pens which
  they wear in the cord of their hat. Those who teach reading only have one
  pen; those who teach reading and reckoning have two pens; those who teach
  reading, reckoning, and Latin have three pens. But what a disgrace to be
  ignorant! Do like the people of Queyras!"

  Thus he discoursed gravely and paternally; in default of examples, he
  invented parables, going directly to the point, with few phrases and many
  images, which characteristic formed the real eloquence of Jesus Christ.
  And being convinced himself, he was persuasive.

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